UNE Medical Biochemistry Unit 3 Review (For this guide,
I made the questions from the video lectures, study guides,
and quiz/test reviews) Rated A+
What occurs when glucagon is high and insulin is low?
Beta-oxidation
During the fasted state, the liver uses ______ as fuel and the pathway is _______.
Fatty acids, Lipolysis in the adipose
During the fasted state, the red blood cell uses ______ as fuel and the pathway is
_______.
Glucose, Hepatic glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
During the fasted state, the brain uses ______ as fuel and the pathway is _______.
Glucose, Hepatic glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
During the fasted state, the skeletal muscle uses ______ as fuel and the pathway
is _______.
Fatty acids, Lipolysis in the adipose
Process of generating acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH2 from the oxidation of free
fatty acids taken up by the peripheral tissues
β - oxidation
Process of releasing free fatty acids from triacylglycerols stored in the adipose in
the fasted state
Lipolysis
Where does beta oxidation occur?
mitochondria
What enzyme is used to add acyl-CoA to free fatty acids which is able to travel
across the outer mitochondrial membrane?
Acyl-CoA synthetase
Carnitine and Acyl-CoA use what enzyme to transfer the acyl group to carnitine to
synthesize acylcarnitine?
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I
Acylcarnitine is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane via what
enzyme? This enzyme can also recycle carnitine.
Carnitine acylcarnitine translocase
The two transporter enzymes needed to get free fatty acids from the cytosol to
the mitochondria are?
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I and Carnitine palmitoyl transferase II
What are the four steps of the full beta-oxidation spiral?
Dehydrogenase -> Hydrolase -> Dehydrogenase -> Thiolase
What are the products of Beta-oxidation?
Acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2
What products of beta-oxidation will be oxidized in the electron transport chain to
produce ATP?
NADH and FADH2
What product from beta-oxidation will be used during ketogenesis?
Acteyl-CoA
, What inhibits carnitine palmitoyl transferase I to ensure beta-oxidation is not
occurring at the same time as fatty acid synthesis?
Malonyl-CoA
Elevated levels of what in the cytosol is an indication fatty acid synthesis is
occurring?
Malonyl-CoA
ATP is required for what anabolic processes in the fasted state?
Gluconeogenesis and the urea cycle
What allosterically activates pyruvate carboxylase?
Acetyl-CoA
An 11-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department by her father. He
reports she has recently been very thirsty and needing to make frequent trips to
the bathroom. At her soccer game today, she complained of lightheadedness and
that the symptoms did not resolve even after drinking a power beverage. A rapid
dipstick test revealed glucose in her urine and further diagnostics are consistent
with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Evaluation of this girl’s liver would reveal an
increased rate of which of the following processes?
Ketogenesis
Process of generating ketones from excess acetyl-CoA produced from β -
oxidation
Ketogenesis
As acetyl-CoA levels elevate in the mitochondria what enzyme will produce
acetoacetyl-CoA?
Thiolase
What enzyme generates HMG-CoA from acetoacetyl-CoA?
HMG-CoA synthase
What cleaves HMG-CoA into acetoacetate?
HMG-CoA lyase
What are two things that can happen to acetoacetate?
Reduced to D-3 hydroxybutyrate or spontaneously decarboxylate to acetone
What are the two ketone bodies in ketogenesis?
D-3 hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate
What cofactor is required for acetoacetate to become D-3 hydroxybutyrate?
NADH
The liver lacks what enzyme to use ketone bodies as a source of energy?
Thiophorase
In what ways is ketogenesis regulated?
Activity of lipolysis
Inhibition of CPT-I by Malonyl-CoA
Flux through the TCA depending on NADH levels and concentration of intermediates,
specifically oxaloacetate
Ketoacidosis can occur from prolonged ketogenesis by?
Starvation or uncontrolled diabetes
During the fed state, glucose from the blood is phosphorylated into Glucose 6-
Phosphate which undergoes esterification in the adipose tissue to what?
Stored triacyclglycerols
I made the questions from the video lectures, study guides,
and quiz/test reviews) Rated A+
What occurs when glucagon is high and insulin is low?
Beta-oxidation
During the fasted state, the liver uses ______ as fuel and the pathway is _______.
Fatty acids, Lipolysis in the adipose
During the fasted state, the red blood cell uses ______ as fuel and the pathway is
_______.
Glucose, Hepatic glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
During the fasted state, the brain uses ______ as fuel and the pathway is _______.
Glucose, Hepatic glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
During the fasted state, the skeletal muscle uses ______ as fuel and the pathway
is _______.
Fatty acids, Lipolysis in the adipose
Process of generating acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH2 from the oxidation of free
fatty acids taken up by the peripheral tissues
β - oxidation
Process of releasing free fatty acids from triacylglycerols stored in the adipose in
the fasted state
Lipolysis
Where does beta oxidation occur?
mitochondria
What enzyme is used to add acyl-CoA to free fatty acids which is able to travel
across the outer mitochondrial membrane?
Acyl-CoA synthetase
Carnitine and Acyl-CoA use what enzyme to transfer the acyl group to carnitine to
synthesize acylcarnitine?
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I
Acylcarnitine is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane via what
enzyme? This enzyme can also recycle carnitine.
Carnitine acylcarnitine translocase
The two transporter enzymes needed to get free fatty acids from the cytosol to
the mitochondria are?
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I and Carnitine palmitoyl transferase II
What are the four steps of the full beta-oxidation spiral?
Dehydrogenase -> Hydrolase -> Dehydrogenase -> Thiolase
What are the products of Beta-oxidation?
Acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2
What products of beta-oxidation will be oxidized in the electron transport chain to
produce ATP?
NADH and FADH2
What product from beta-oxidation will be used during ketogenesis?
Acteyl-CoA
, What inhibits carnitine palmitoyl transferase I to ensure beta-oxidation is not
occurring at the same time as fatty acid synthesis?
Malonyl-CoA
Elevated levels of what in the cytosol is an indication fatty acid synthesis is
occurring?
Malonyl-CoA
ATP is required for what anabolic processes in the fasted state?
Gluconeogenesis and the urea cycle
What allosterically activates pyruvate carboxylase?
Acetyl-CoA
An 11-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department by her father. He
reports she has recently been very thirsty and needing to make frequent trips to
the bathroom. At her soccer game today, she complained of lightheadedness and
that the symptoms did not resolve even after drinking a power beverage. A rapid
dipstick test revealed glucose in her urine and further diagnostics are consistent
with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Evaluation of this girl’s liver would reveal an
increased rate of which of the following processes?
Ketogenesis
Process of generating ketones from excess acetyl-CoA produced from β -
oxidation
Ketogenesis
As acetyl-CoA levels elevate in the mitochondria what enzyme will produce
acetoacetyl-CoA?
Thiolase
What enzyme generates HMG-CoA from acetoacetyl-CoA?
HMG-CoA synthase
What cleaves HMG-CoA into acetoacetate?
HMG-CoA lyase
What are two things that can happen to acetoacetate?
Reduced to D-3 hydroxybutyrate or spontaneously decarboxylate to acetone
What are the two ketone bodies in ketogenesis?
D-3 hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate
What cofactor is required for acetoacetate to become D-3 hydroxybutyrate?
NADH
The liver lacks what enzyme to use ketone bodies as a source of energy?
Thiophorase
In what ways is ketogenesis regulated?
Activity of lipolysis
Inhibition of CPT-I by Malonyl-CoA
Flux through the TCA depending on NADH levels and concentration of intermediates,
specifically oxaloacetate
Ketoacidosis can occur from prolonged ketogenesis by?
Starvation or uncontrolled diabetes
During the fed state, glucose from the blood is phosphorylated into Glucose 6-
Phosphate which undergoes esterification in the adipose tissue to what?
Stored triacyclglycerols
