NUR 111 Exam 4 latest complete update
A+ graded 2023-2024
Inflammation - answers Is a localized reaction intended to neutralize, control or
eliminate an offending agent.
Inflammatory Response - answers Inflammation is a localized reaction intended to
neutralize, control or eliminate an offending agent.
Nonspecific response to injured or dead cells
Eliminates invading pathogens
Allows for tissue repair
Occurs in response to infection or injury
Infection is one way to get inflammation but it is not the only way
Can be acute or chronic
That offening agent may be the persons own body
Not specific
A protecting mechanism that responds to injured or dead cells
Usually occurs in healthy tissue adjacent to the dead cells
Stages of Inflammation - answers 1st stage: Vascular response
Blood vessel response
2nd stage: Cellular Response
White blood cells
Reparative phase
They all happen very close together
Vascular Response - answers Usually localized to the area of injury but can be
systemic
Momentary vasoconstriction then lots of Vasodilation
Increased permeability of vasculature
Makes it easier for blood and cells to pass through the blood vessel walls
Increased concentration of blood
Due to the vasoconstriction and permeability
,Clotting
Due to platelets rushing to the area that help clot off injury to stop the bleeding
Cellular Response - answers Leukocytes accumulate at site
Due to increased permeability of the blood vessels
Cytokines cause endothelial cells to bind to leukocytes
Cytokines are chemical messengers that tell the brain there is an injury
Leukocytes travel through the capillary into tissue
So you have white blood cells fighting infection in the tissue
Leukocytes engulf invading organisms
Exudate - answers You get exudate with inflammation
If exudate starts containing bacteria and bacterial debris then it becomes puss and is a
sign of a bacterial infection and becomes part of your excaudate
Moves into injured area after inflammatory event as part of the cellular response
Carries
Proteins
Fluid
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Macrophages
Granulocytes
Healthy exudate - answers The whole point of it if it is health is to:
Eradicate pathogen
Remove dead tissue debris
Secrete cytokines
Initiate healing
Reparative Phase - answers Glucose and oxygen travel to site needing repair
Regeneration depends on the type of cells
Regeneration
Labile
They multiply constantly
So they are relatively easy to regenerate
Ex. Skin cells
Permanent
Does not regenerate
Ex. Neurons
Stable
Regenerate sometimes if there is injury
Takes longer because they do not multiply constantly
Ex. Kidney or liver cells
Replacement
Replacing the tissue that was damaged
,Acute Inflammatory Response - answers Tissue injury/exposure and the release of
chemical mediators
Vasodilation and increased blood flow
Swelling and retraction of activated endothelial cells
Increased vascular permeability and leakage of small plasma proteins
"Walling
off"
Movement of immune response cells to the site of injury
Exudate formation
Movement of glucose and oxygen to the site needing repair
Release of
chemical repair
factors
from activated
endothelial
cells
Chemical Mediators - answers Histamine and Kinins
Histamine - answers Pro-inflammatory
Induces the vascular response
Lives in mast cells so the mast cells release the histamines which causes vasodilation
Stimulation results in itching, pain, edema, vasodilation, and bronchoconstriction
Anti-histamines are given to combat these symptoms
Histamine is a big chemical mediator when talking about inflammation
Kinins - answers Increase vascular permeability
Attract neutrophils to the site
Five Signs of Inflammation - answers Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
Systemic Response to Inflammation - answers Fever
Leukocytosis
Increased white blood cells
Malaise
, General icky feeling
Loss of appetite
Aching
Weakness
Acute Inflammation - answers Immediate response
Short duration (8-10days)
5 cardinal signs
Heat
Redness
Edema
Pain
Loss of function
Ex: scrapes, sprains, etc.
Can lead to chronic inflammation
Chronic Inflammation - answers Weeks to years
Does not serve beneficial function
May not have a trigger for inflammation
Macrophages and leucocytes continually invade the tissue which causes damage to the
tissue which causes more invading into the tissue it is a positive feedback loop
Scarring & permanent tissue damage may occur
Ex: Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune issue - answers With autoimmune disease we do not know why it
happens but the body turns on itself and thinks that its own tissue is foreign and it
attacks its own tissue
Risk factors affecting Chronic Inflammation - answers Very young
Very old
Underinsured
Because they ignore their inflammation because they do not have insurance
Autoimmune disorders
Allergies
The more allergies you have the more likely you are to get more allergies
Exposure to pathogens
Compromised immunity
Chronic disease
Lack of proper sanitation
Nursing Assessment for Inflammation and Infection - answers History:
Identify trigger of inflammation
If you can figure out what causes it you can help get it away from the patient
Treat the Symptoms
Diagnostic Tests:
WBC
White blood cell count
A+ graded 2023-2024
Inflammation - answers Is a localized reaction intended to neutralize, control or
eliminate an offending agent.
Inflammatory Response - answers Inflammation is a localized reaction intended to
neutralize, control or eliminate an offending agent.
Nonspecific response to injured or dead cells
Eliminates invading pathogens
Allows for tissue repair
Occurs in response to infection or injury
Infection is one way to get inflammation but it is not the only way
Can be acute or chronic
That offening agent may be the persons own body
Not specific
A protecting mechanism that responds to injured or dead cells
Usually occurs in healthy tissue adjacent to the dead cells
Stages of Inflammation - answers 1st stage: Vascular response
Blood vessel response
2nd stage: Cellular Response
White blood cells
Reparative phase
They all happen very close together
Vascular Response - answers Usually localized to the area of injury but can be
systemic
Momentary vasoconstriction then lots of Vasodilation
Increased permeability of vasculature
Makes it easier for blood and cells to pass through the blood vessel walls
Increased concentration of blood
Due to the vasoconstriction and permeability
,Clotting
Due to platelets rushing to the area that help clot off injury to stop the bleeding
Cellular Response - answers Leukocytes accumulate at site
Due to increased permeability of the blood vessels
Cytokines cause endothelial cells to bind to leukocytes
Cytokines are chemical messengers that tell the brain there is an injury
Leukocytes travel through the capillary into tissue
So you have white blood cells fighting infection in the tissue
Leukocytes engulf invading organisms
Exudate - answers You get exudate with inflammation
If exudate starts containing bacteria and bacterial debris then it becomes puss and is a
sign of a bacterial infection and becomes part of your excaudate
Moves into injured area after inflammatory event as part of the cellular response
Carries
Proteins
Fluid
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Macrophages
Granulocytes
Healthy exudate - answers The whole point of it if it is health is to:
Eradicate pathogen
Remove dead tissue debris
Secrete cytokines
Initiate healing
Reparative Phase - answers Glucose and oxygen travel to site needing repair
Regeneration depends on the type of cells
Regeneration
Labile
They multiply constantly
So they are relatively easy to regenerate
Ex. Skin cells
Permanent
Does not regenerate
Ex. Neurons
Stable
Regenerate sometimes if there is injury
Takes longer because they do not multiply constantly
Ex. Kidney or liver cells
Replacement
Replacing the tissue that was damaged
,Acute Inflammatory Response - answers Tissue injury/exposure and the release of
chemical mediators
Vasodilation and increased blood flow
Swelling and retraction of activated endothelial cells
Increased vascular permeability and leakage of small plasma proteins
"Walling
off"
Movement of immune response cells to the site of injury
Exudate formation
Movement of glucose and oxygen to the site needing repair
Release of
chemical repair
factors
from activated
endothelial
cells
Chemical Mediators - answers Histamine and Kinins
Histamine - answers Pro-inflammatory
Induces the vascular response
Lives in mast cells so the mast cells release the histamines which causes vasodilation
Stimulation results in itching, pain, edema, vasodilation, and bronchoconstriction
Anti-histamines are given to combat these symptoms
Histamine is a big chemical mediator when talking about inflammation
Kinins - answers Increase vascular permeability
Attract neutrophils to the site
Five Signs of Inflammation - answers Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
Systemic Response to Inflammation - answers Fever
Leukocytosis
Increased white blood cells
Malaise
, General icky feeling
Loss of appetite
Aching
Weakness
Acute Inflammation - answers Immediate response
Short duration (8-10days)
5 cardinal signs
Heat
Redness
Edema
Pain
Loss of function
Ex: scrapes, sprains, etc.
Can lead to chronic inflammation
Chronic Inflammation - answers Weeks to years
Does not serve beneficial function
May not have a trigger for inflammation
Macrophages and leucocytes continually invade the tissue which causes damage to the
tissue which causes more invading into the tissue it is a positive feedback loop
Scarring & permanent tissue damage may occur
Ex: Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune issue - answers With autoimmune disease we do not know why it
happens but the body turns on itself and thinks that its own tissue is foreign and it
attacks its own tissue
Risk factors affecting Chronic Inflammation - answers Very young
Very old
Underinsured
Because they ignore their inflammation because they do not have insurance
Autoimmune disorders
Allergies
The more allergies you have the more likely you are to get more allergies
Exposure to pathogens
Compromised immunity
Chronic disease
Lack of proper sanitation
Nursing Assessment for Inflammation and Infection - answers History:
Identify trigger of inflammation
If you can figure out what causes it you can help get it away from the patient
Treat the Symptoms
Diagnostic Tests:
WBC
White blood cell count
