Great Britain: Great Britain is a large island that consists of three somewhat independent regions:
England, Scotland and Wales.
England: England is an administrative region, the largest and most populous nation in the UK. Its
capital city is London.
The UK: The UK is the brief abbreviation اختصارof the official name of the sovereign state دولة دات سيادة
we are talking about, which is, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The UK
includes four administrative regions: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The Paleolithic Age (2.5 million to 8000 BC): Also called the Old Stone Age
It was characterized by the use of stone as the raw material for the development of tools and
weaponry. Their food came from fishing, hunting, and gathering vegetables, tubers and fruits.
The Mesolithic Age (8000 - 4000 BC): Also called Middle Stone Age
In addition to fishing, hunting and food gathering, the Mesolithic hunter was able to exploit a wide
range of vegetable food sources, and different species (deer, bears, shellfish and snails).
The Neolithic Age (4000 - 2000 BC): Also called New Stone Age
This period is characterized by the appearance of such crafts as pottery )(صناعة الفخار, weavingالنسيج
and the production of tools out of polished stoneالحجر المصقول. Unlike their ancestorsبخالف اسالفهم,
the people of this stage were no longer dependent on fishing, hunting and collecting wild plants.
Neolithic immigrants were litters of the soil and shepherds راعي الغنمwho brought a revolutionary
change: agricultureالفالحة. Cultivation الزراعةand animal domestication ترويضenabled the Neolithic
society to construct permanent dwellings اماكن دائمة للسكنand to release from nomadismالبداوة.
The Neolithic people left behind them in Britain spectacular monumental architectures such as
causewayed camp and burial grounds known as barrows.
Britain had witnessed some invasions from the Celts, they were good warriors and worshipped magical
and supernatural powers.
The Roman came to Britain in 55 BC
The Romans (55 BC - 410):
Julius Caesar was able to defeat the Brythons in only two quick raids in 55 and 54 BC. Compelled,
the latter were obliged to pay an annual tax to Rome. Furthermore, the Romans realized that Britain
was potentially a rich and a fertile land, they decided to annex it to their Empire. The real conquest
, was, then, undertaken in AD 42 by Emperor Claudius when this latter sent a huge army of 40,000,
not only foot soldiers but cavalry as well.
The Roman invaded Britain in 43 AD
The Roman’s invasion has brought numeral contributions to Britain such as building cities like London,
building roads to allow commercial exchanges with Europe and make Britain the first exporter of corn. In
addition to developing network of roads and build villas in the Italian style because they were experts in
building. Also they converted the Celts to Christianity.
The aim of the Romans when they first set their foot in England was to contain and assess the wealth of
the country in order to absorb it later into the empire. The Romans arranged for the Britons to pay an
annual tribute to Rome.
After the Romans departed and left, the trade between Britain and Rome increased and the
schemes مخططاتto seize لالستوالءthe rich country and add it into the rest of the Roman’s empire were
successfully achieved and forwarded by the Roman’s planners.
The invasion of Britain was by 40000 men from Rome. The emperor received submission of some kings.
later on Rome has celebrated the annexation of Britain after a long and hard fighting.
The Romans had spread their power and empire in most of Britain; nonetheless, some places were
difficult to be occupied because of its people such as Scotland where people prevented the Romans from
spreading their ideologies and civilization. Between 122 AD and 127 AD The Romans built a wall called
the Hadrian to hinder some tribes from forming an alliance and to protect the population to the south
from the Picts and their allies.
The Saxons were originated from Denmark; they invaded the east and south east of Britain. The rest was
controlled by the angles. England was divided to small kingdoms. The most powerful ones were:
Northumbria in the North, Mercia in Midlands and Wessex in the south. The lack of central government;
an efficient army and lack of unity paved the way for the Vikings to conquer England.
-In the fourth century; the Roman Empire was threatened by the Scots, Picts and the Saxons. This led to
the building of defences along the east and south coasts. As a result of the brutal raids of the Picts; Scots
and Saxons, the Roman military forces withdrew. Consequently, the Roman Empire couldn’t spread its
ideology and civilization in the whole country.
The Picts and scots continued fighting each other until the ninth century after the withdrawal of the
Roman army. Simultaneously, the Saxons continued to invade Britain from other lands.
-The Vikings originate from Scandinavia basically Denmark; they were good fighter and attacked and
robbed people. The Vikings invaded England and such as Northumbria; soon England was divided
between Anglo-Saxons and Vikings, but sooner everything had changed and Canute the king of Vikings
became the only ruler in England. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy.
After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession.
England, Scotland and Wales.
England: England is an administrative region, the largest and most populous nation in the UK. Its
capital city is London.
The UK: The UK is the brief abbreviation اختصارof the official name of the sovereign state دولة دات سيادة
we are talking about, which is, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The UK
includes four administrative regions: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The Paleolithic Age (2.5 million to 8000 BC): Also called the Old Stone Age
It was characterized by the use of stone as the raw material for the development of tools and
weaponry. Their food came from fishing, hunting, and gathering vegetables, tubers and fruits.
The Mesolithic Age (8000 - 4000 BC): Also called Middle Stone Age
In addition to fishing, hunting and food gathering, the Mesolithic hunter was able to exploit a wide
range of vegetable food sources, and different species (deer, bears, shellfish and snails).
The Neolithic Age (4000 - 2000 BC): Also called New Stone Age
This period is characterized by the appearance of such crafts as pottery )(صناعة الفخار, weavingالنسيج
and the production of tools out of polished stoneالحجر المصقول. Unlike their ancestorsبخالف اسالفهم,
the people of this stage were no longer dependent on fishing, hunting and collecting wild plants.
Neolithic immigrants were litters of the soil and shepherds راعي الغنمwho brought a revolutionary
change: agricultureالفالحة. Cultivation الزراعةand animal domestication ترويضenabled the Neolithic
society to construct permanent dwellings اماكن دائمة للسكنand to release from nomadismالبداوة.
The Neolithic people left behind them in Britain spectacular monumental architectures such as
causewayed camp and burial grounds known as barrows.
Britain had witnessed some invasions from the Celts, they were good warriors and worshipped magical
and supernatural powers.
The Roman came to Britain in 55 BC
The Romans (55 BC - 410):
Julius Caesar was able to defeat the Brythons in only two quick raids in 55 and 54 BC. Compelled,
the latter were obliged to pay an annual tax to Rome. Furthermore, the Romans realized that Britain
was potentially a rich and a fertile land, they decided to annex it to their Empire. The real conquest
, was, then, undertaken in AD 42 by Emperor Claudius when this latter sent a huge army of 40,000,
not only foot soldiers but cavalry as well.
The Roman invaded Britain in 43 AD
The Roman’s invasion has brought numeral contributions to Britain such as building cities like London,
building roads to allow commercial exchanges with Europe and make Britain the first exporter of corn. In
addition to developing network of roads and build villas in the Italian style because they were experts in
building. Also they converted the Celts to Christianity.
The aim of the Romans when they first set their foot in England was to contain and assess the wealth of
the country in order to absorb it later into the empire. The Romans arranged for the Britons to pay an
annual tribute to Rome.
After the Romans departed and left, the trade between Britain and Rome increased and the
schemes مخططاتto seize لالستوالءthe rich country and add it into the rest of the Roman’s empire were
successfully achieved and forwarded by the Roman’s planners.
The invasion of Britain was by 40000 men from Rome. The emperor received submission of some kings.
later on Rome has celebrated the annexation of Britain after a long and hard fighting.
The Romans had spread their power and empire in most of Britain; nonetheless, some places were
difficult to be occupied because of its people such as Scotland where people prevented the Romans from
spreading their ideologies and civilization. Between 122 AD and 127 AD The Romans built a wall called
the Hadrian to hinder some tribes from forming an alliance and to protect the population to the south
from the Picts and their allies.
The Saxons were originated from Denmark; they invaded the east and south east of Britain. The rest was
controlled by the angles. England was divided to small kingdoms. The most powerful ones were:
Northumbria in the North, Mercia in Midlands and Wessex in the south. The lack of central government;
an efficient army and lack of unity paved the way for the Vikings to conquer England.
-In the fourth century; the Roman Empire was threatened by the Scots, Picts and the Saxons. This led to
the building of defences along the east and south coasts. As a result of the brutal raids of the Picts; Scots
and Saxons, the Roman military forces withdrew. Consequently, the Roman Empire couldn’t spread its
ideology and civilization in the whole country.
The Picts and scots continued fighting each other until the ninth century after the withdrawal of the
Roman army. Simultaneously, the Saxons continued to invade Britain from other lands.
-The Vikings originate from Scandinavia basically Denmark; they were good fighter and attacked and
robbed people. The Vikings invaded England and such as Northumbria; soon England was divided
between Anglo-Saxons and Vikings, but sooner everything had changed and Canute the king of Vikings
became the only ruler in England. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy.
After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession.
