TEST BANK FOR PORTH'S
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CONCEPTS OF
ALTERED HEALTH 10TH
EDITION||100%VERIFIED||A+ GUIDE
Chapter 1- Concepts of Health and Disease
• At an international nursing conference, many discussions and breakout sessions
focused on the World Health Organization (WHO) views on health. Of the
following comments made by nurses during a discussion session, which statements
would be considered a good representation of the WHO definition? Select all that
apply.
• Interests in keeping the elderly population engaged in such activities as
book reviews and word games during social time
• Increase in the number of chair aerobics classes provided in the skilled
care facilities
• Interventions geared toward keeping the elderly population diagnosed with
diabetes mellitus under tight blood glucose control by providing in-home
cooking classes
• Providing transportation for renal dialysis patients to and from their
hemodialysis sessions
• Providing handwashing teaching sessions to a group of young
children Ans: A, B, C, E
Feedback:
The WHO definition of health is defined as “a state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.”
Engaging in book reviews facilitates mental and social well-being; chair aerobics
helps facilitate physical well-being; and assisting with tight control of diabetes
helps with facilitating physical well-being even though the person has a chronic
disease. Handwashing is vital in the prevention of disease and spread of germs.
• A community health nurse is teaching a group of recent graduates about the
large variety of factors that influence an individual's health or lack thereof. The
nurse is referring to the Healthy People 2020 report from the U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services as a teaching example. Of the following aspects
discussed, which would be considered a determinant of health that is outside
the focus of this report?
• The client has a diverse background by being of Asian and Native
American descent and practices various alternative therapies to minimize
effects of stress.
, • The client has a family history of cardiovascular disease related to
hypercholesterolemia and remains noncompliant with the treatment
regime.
• The client has a good career with exceptional preventative health care benefits.
• The client lives in an affluent, clean, suburban community with access to
many health care facilities.
Ans: B
Feedback:
In Healthy People 2020, the focus is to promote good health to all (such as using
alternative therapies to minimize effects of stress); achieving health equity and
promoting health for all (which includes having good health care benefits); and
promoting good health (which includes living in a clean community with good
access to health care). A client's noncompliance with treatments to control high
cholesterol levels within the presence of a family history of CV disease does not
meet the “attaining lives free of preventable disease and premature death”
determinant.
• A physician is providing care for a number of patients on a medical unit of a large,
university hospital. The physician is discussing with a colleague the differentiation
between diseases that are caused by abnormal molecules and diseases that cause
disease. Which of the following patients most clearly demonstrates the
consequences of molecules that cause disease?
• A 31-year-old woman with sickle cell anemia who is receiving a
transfusion of packed red blood cells
• A 91-year-old woman who has experienced an ischemic stroke resulting
from familial hypercholesterolemia
• A 19-year-old man with exacerbation of his cystic fibrosis requiring
oxygen therapy and chest physiotherapy
• A 30-year-old homeless man who has Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
and is HIV positive.
Ans: D
Feedback:
PCP is an example of the effect of a molecule that directly contributes to disease.
Sickle cell anemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, and cystic fibrosis are all
examples of the effects of abnormal molecules.
• A member of the health care team is researching the etiology and pathogenesis of
a number of clients who are under his care in a hospital context. Which of the
following aspects of clients' situations best characterizes pathogenesis rather than
etiology?
• A client who has been exposed to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium
• A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis
• A client who was admitted with the effects of methyl alcohol poisoning
• A client with multiple skeletal injuries secondary to a motor vehicle
accident Ans: B
, Feedback:
Pathogenesis refers to the progressive and evolutionary course of disease, such as
the increasing ammonia levels that accompany liver disease. Bacteria, poisons, and
traumatic injuries are examples of etiologic factors.
• A new myocardial infarction patient requiring angioplasty and stent placement has
arrived to his first cardiac rehabilitation appointment. In this first session, a review
of the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease is addressed. Which statement by the
patient verifies to the nurse that he has understood the nurse's teachings about
coronary artery disease?
• “All I have to do is stop smoking, and then I won't have any more heart attacks.”
• “My artery was clogged by fat, so I will need to stop eating fatty foods
like French fries every day.”
• “Sounds like this began because of inflammation inside my artery that
made it easy to form fatty streaks, which lead to my clogged artery.”
• “If I do not exercise regularly to get my heart rate up, blood pools in the
veins causing a clot that stops blood flow to the muscle, and I will have a
heart attack.”
Ans: C
Feedback:
The true etiology/cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown; however,
the pathogenesis of the disorder relates to the progression of the inflammatory
process from a fatty streak to the occlusive vessel lesion seen in people with
coronary artery disease. Risk factors for CAD revolve around cigarette smoking,
diet high in fat, and lack of exercise.
• A 77-year-old man is a hospital inpatient admitted for exacerbation of his chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a respiratory therapist (RT) is
assessing the client for the first time. Which of the following aspects of the
patient's current state of health would be best characterized as a symptom rather
than a sign?
• The patient's oxygen saturation is 83% by pulse oxymetry.
• The patient notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine.
• The RT hears diminished breath sounds to the patient's lower lung
fields bilaterally.
• The patient's respiratory rate is 31
breaths/minute. Ans: B
Feedback:
Symptoms are subjective complaints by the person experiencing the health
problem, such as complaints of breathing difficulty. Oxygen levels, listening to
breath sounds, and respiratory rate are all objective, observable signs of disease.
• Which of the following situations would be classified as a complication of a
disease or outcome from the treatment regimen? Select all that apply.
• Massive pulmonary emboli following diagnosis of new-onset atrial fibrillation
, • Burning, intense incision pain following surgery to remove a portion of colon
due to intestinal aganglionosis
• Development of pulmonary fibrosis following treatment with
bleomycin, an antibiotic chemotherapy agent used in treatment of
lymphoma
• Gradual deterioration in ability to walk unassisted for a patient diagnosed
with Parkinson disease
• Loss of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer
disease Ans: A, C
Feedback:
Development of pulmonary emboli and pulmonary fibrosis following
chemotherapy are both examples of a complication (adverse extensions of a
disease or outcome from treatment). It is normal to expect incisional pain
following surgery. As Parkinson disease progresses, the inability to walk
independently is expected. This is a normal progression for people diagnosed with
Parkinson's. Loss of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer
disease is an expected finding.
• Laboratory testing is ordered for a male patient during a clinic visit for a routine
follow-up assessment of hypertension. When interpreting lab values, the nurse
knows that
• a normal value represents the test results that fall within the bell curve.
• if the lab result is above the 50% distribution, the result is considered elevated.
• all lab values are adjusted for gender and weight.
• if the result of a very sensitive test is negative, that does not mean the
person is disease free.
Ans: A
Feedback:
What is termed a normal value for a laboratory test is established statistically from
results obtained from a selected sample of people. A normal value represents the
test results that fall within the bell curve or the 95% distribution. Some lab values
(like hemoglobin) are adjusted for gender, other comorbidities, or age. If the result
of a very sensitive test is negative, it tells us the person does not have the disease,
and the disease has been ruled out or excluded.
• The laboratory technologists are discussing a new blood test that helps establish a
differential diagnosis between shortness of breath with a cardiac etiology and
shortness of breath with a respiratory/pulmonary etiology. A positive result is
purported to indicate a cardiac etiology. The marketers of the test report that 99.8%
of patients who have confirmed cardiac etiologies test positive in the test. However,
1.3% of patients who do not have cardiac etiologies for their shortness of breath
also test positive. Which of the following statements best characterizes this blood
test?
• Low validity; high reliability
• High sensitivity; low specificity
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CONCEPTS OF
ALTERED HEALTH 10TH
EDITION||100%VERIFIED||A+ GUIDE
Chapter 1- Concepts of Health and Disease
• At an international nursing conference, many discussions and breakout sessions
focused on the World Health Organization (WHO) views on health. Of the
following comments made by nurses during a discussion session, which statements
would be considered a good representation of the WHO definition? Select all that
apply.
• Interests in keeping the elderly population engaged in such activities as
book reviews and word games during social time
• Increase in the number of chair aerobics classes provided in the skilled
care facilities
• Interventions geared toward keeping the elderly population diagnosed with
diabetes mellitus under tight blood glucose control by providing in-home
cooking classes
• Providing transportation for renal dialysis patients to and from their
hemodialysis sessions
• Providing handwashing teaching sessions to a group of young
children Ans: A, B, C, E
Feedback:
The WHO definition of health is defined as “a state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.”
Engaging in book reviews facilitates mental and social well-being; chair aerobics
helps facilitate physical well-being; and assisting with tight control of diabetes
helps with facilitating physical well-being even though the person has a chronic
disease. Handwashing is vital in the prevention of disease and spread of germs.
• A community health nurse is teaching a group of recent graduates about the
large variety of factors that influence an individual's health or lack thereof. The
nurse is referring to the Healthy People 2020 report from the U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services as a teaching example. Of the following aspects
discussed, which would be considered a determinant of health that is outside
the focus of this report?
• The client has a diverse background by being of Asian and Native
American descent and practices various alternative therapies to minimize
effects of stress.
, • The client has a family history of cardiovascular disease related to
hypercholesterolemia and remains noncompliant with the treatment
regime.
• The client has a good career with exceptional preventative health care benefits.
• The client lives in an affluent, clean, suburban community with access to
many health care facilities.
Ans: B
Feedback:
In Healthy People 2020, the focus is to promote good health to all (such as using
alternative therapies to minimize effects of stress); achieving health equity and
promoting health for all (which includes having good health care benefits); and
promoting good health (which includes living in a clean community with good
access to health care). A client's noncompliance with treatments to control high
cholesterol levels within the presence of a family history of CV disease does not
meet the “attaining lives free of preventable disease and premature death”
determinant.
• A physician is providing care for a number of patients on a medical unit of a large,
university hospital. The physician is discussing with a colleague the differentiation
between diseases that are caused by abnormal molecules and diseases that cause
disease. Which of the following patients most clearly demonstrates the
consequences of molecules that cause disease?
• A 31-year-old woman with sickle cell anemia who is receiving a
transfusion of packed red blood cells
• A 91-year-old woman who has experienced an ischemic stroke resulting
from familial hypercholesterolemia
• A 19-year-old man with exacerbation of his cystic fibrosis requiring
oxygen therapy and chest physiotherapy
• A 30-year-old homeless man who has Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
and is HIV positive.
Ans: D
Feedback:
PCP is an example of the effect of a molecule that directly contributes to disease.
Sickle cell anemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, and cystic fibrosis are all
examples of the effects of abnormal molecules.
• A member of the health care team is researching the etiology and pathogenesis of
a number of clients who are under his care in a hospital context. Which of the
following aspects of clients' situations best characterizes pathogenesis rather than
etiology?
• A client who has been exposed to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium
• A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis
• A client who was admitted with the effects of methyl alcohol poisoning
• A client with multiple skeletal injuries secondary to a motor vehicle
accident Ans: B
, Feedback:
Pathogenesis refers to the progressive and evolutionary course of disease, such as
the increasing ammonia levels that accompany liver disease. Bacteria, poisons, and
traumatic injuries are examples of etiologic factors.
• A new myocardial infarction patient requiring angioplasty and stent placement has
arrived to his first cardiac rehabilitation appointment. In this first session, a review
of the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease is addressed. Which statement by the
patient verifies to the nurse that he has understood the nurse's teachings about
coronary artery disease?
• “All I have to do is stop smoking, and then I won't have any more heart attacks.”
• “My artery was clogged by fat, so I will need to stop eating fatty foods
like French fries every day.”
• “Sounds like this began because of inflammation inside my artery that
made it easy to form fatty streaks, which lead to my clogged artery.”
• “If I do not exercise regularly to get my heart rate up, blood pools in the
veins causing a clot that stops blood flow to the muscle, and I will have a
heart attack.”
Ans: C
Feedback:
The true etiology/cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown; however,
the pathogenesis of the disorder relates to the progression of the inflammatory
process from a fatty streak to the occlusive vessel lesion seen in people with
coronary artery disease. Risk factors for CAD revolve around cigarette smoking,
diet high in fat, and lack of exercise.
• A 77-year-old man is a hospital inpatient admitted for exacerbation of his chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a respiratory therapist (RT) is
assessing the client for the first time. Which of the following aspects of the
patient's current state of health would be best characterized as a symptom rather
than a sign?
• The patient's oxygen saturation is 83% by pulse oxymetry.
• The patient notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine.
• The RT hears diminished breath sounds to the patient's lower lung
fields bilaterally.
• The patient's respiratory rate is 31
breaths/minute. Ans: B
Feedback:
Symptoms are subjective complaints by the person experiencing the health
problem, such as complaints of breathing difficulty. Oxygen levels, listening to
breath sounds, and respiratory rate are all objective, observable signs of disease.
• Which of the following situations would be classified as a complication of a
disease or outcome from the treatment regimen? Select all that apply.
• Massive pulmonary emboli following diagnosis of new-onset atrial fibrillation
, • Burning, intense incision pain following surgery to remove a portion of colon
due to intestinal aganglionosis
• Development of pulmonary fibrosis following treatment with
bleomycin, an antibiotic chemotherapy agent used in treatment of
lymphoma
• Gradual deterioration in ability to walk unassisted for a patient diagnosed
with Parkinson disease
• Loss of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer
disease Ans: A, C
Feedback:
Development of pulmonary emboli and pulmonary fibrosis following
chemotherapy are both examples of a complication (adverse extensions of a
disease or outcome from treatment). It is normal to expect incisional pain
following surgery. As Parkinson disease progresses, the inability to walk
independently is expected. This is a normal progression for people diagnosed with
Parkinson's. Loss of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer
disease is an expected finding.
• Laboratory testing is ordered for a male patient during a clinic visit for a routine
follow-up assessment of hypertension. When interpreting lab values, the nurse
knows that
• a normal value represents the test results that fall within the bell curve.
• if the lab result is above the 50% distribution, the result is considered elevated.
• all lab values are adjusted for gender and weight.
• if the result of a very sensitive test is negative, that does not mean the
person is disease free.
Ans: A
Feedback:
What is termed a normal value for a laboratory test is established statistically from
results obtained from a selected sample of people. A normal value represents the
test results that fall within the bell curve or the 95% distribution. Some lab values
(like hemoglobin) are adjusted for gender, other comorbidities, or age. If the result
of a very sensitive test is negative, it tells us the person does not have the disease,
and the disease has been ruled out or excluded.
• The laboratory technologists are discussing a new blood test that helps establish a
differential diagnosis between shortness of breath with a cardiac etiology and
shortness of breath with a respiratory/pulmonary etiology. A positive result is
purported to indicate a cardiac etiology. The marketers of the test report that 99.8%
of patients who have confirmed cardiac etiologies test positive in the test. However,
1.3% of patients who do not have cardiac etiologies for their shortness of breath
also test positive. Which of the following statements best characterizes this blood
test?
• Low validity; high reliability
• High sensitivity; low specificity
