WGU C272- Foundational Perspectives of Education 2023
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Foundations of Education - ✅✅✅The psychological, historical, philosophical, and sociological
aspects of the field of education that are considered essential to the professional knowledge of
all teachers.
Lev Vygotsky - ✅✅✅Social Development Theory-
Social interaction among children plays a major role in cognitive development
Robert Havighurst - ✅✅✅Six Stages of Development and Growth-
Children must master specific developmental tasks to develop normally.
Jean Piaget - ✅✅✅Four Stages of Development-
Created theory of cognitive development, believed that children learn from facts, concepts, and
principles in four major stages- Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete Operations, & Formal
Operations
Jerome Bruner - ✅✅✅Three Modes of Representation-
Believes children encounter a series of developmental stages as they mature
Benjamin Bloom - ✅✅✅Author of Taxonomy of Educational Objectives-
Predict learning outcomes by assessing 3 factors
B.F. Skinner - ✅✅✅Behavioral Theory
Frederick Douglass - ✅✅✅Improved vocational training for African Americans
Booker T. Washington - ✅✅✅Tuskegee Institute-
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,African American educator who contributed immensely to the development of education in the
United States- Influence on African American Students
Maria Montessori - ✅✅✅Casa Dei Bambini-
Developed theory and methods of educating young children
Ella Flagg Young - ✅✅✅First female superintendent for Chicago Public Schools-
First female president of the National Education Association
Teacher-centered philosophies - ✅✅✅essentialism, behaviorism, positivism
Student-centered philosophies - ✅✅✅progressivism, humanism, constructivism
Essentialism - ✅✅✅-core information that educated people should know
-hard work and mental discpline
-teacher centered instruction
-draws from idealism and realism
-focus mainly on developing basic skills, not truths
Essentialism- In the classroom - ✅✅✅-purpose of education is to transmit culture and develop
citizens
-student is a learner, teacher instructs in essentials
-curriculum focuses on subject matter and content
-methods include: required reading, lectures, memorization, repetition, examinations, step by
step directions
Behaviorism - ✅✅✅-B.F. Skinner is the father.
-Behavior determined by environment not heredity
-Behavior response to external stimuli
-behaviorism related to realism, link to environment
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, Behaviorism-In the classroom - ✅✅✅-Teacher influences student behavior by controlling
stimuli
-school environment is highly organized
-curriculum based on behavioral objectives
-knowledge is observable, a reward system is often utilized
Positivism - ✅✅✅-Focus on observable, measurable information
-reject beliefs about mind-spirit consciousness
-reality explained by laws of matter and motion
-knowledge based on sense of perceptions
-objective reality
Positivism- In the classroom - ✅✅✅-Direct instruction, clear structured directions and
expectations
-knowledge gained through empirical observation
-students assessed using same objective criteria
-content standards based on expert understandings
Progressivism - ✅✅✅-ideas verified through experiment, learners initiate questions
-human experience basis for knowledge, not authority
-privileges scientific method of teaching, learning
-emphasis on how to think (process) not what to think (content)
Progressivism- In the classroom - ✅✅✅-Schools must improve society, model democracy
-schools must model meaningful, organized freedom
-freedom expressed thought student-teacher collaboration
-texts become tools, not indisputable knowledge
-Henry Giroux schools as vehicles for change
-teachers should practice critical pedagogy
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Questions and Answers 100% Verified Answers by Expert.
Download To Pass
Foundations of Education - ✅✅✅The psychological, historical, philosophical, and sociological
aspects of the field of education that are considered essential to the professional knowledge of
all teachers.
Lev Vygotsky - ✅✅✅Social Development Theory-
Social interaction among children plays a major role in cognitive development
Robert Havighurst - ✅✅✅Six Stages of Development and Growth-
Children must master specific developmental tasks to develop normally.
Jean Piaget - ✅✅✅Four Stages of Development-
Created theory of cognitive development, believed that children learn from facts, concepts, and
principles in four major stages- Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete Operations, & Formal
Operations
Jerome Bruner - ✅✅✅Three Modes of Representation-
Believes children encounter a series of developmental stages as they mature
Benjamin Bloom - ✅✅✅Author of Taxonomy of Educational Objectives-
Predict learning outcomes by assessing 3 factors
B.F. Skinner - ✅✅✅Behavioral Theory
Frederick Douglass - ✅✅✅Improved vocational training for African Americans
Booker T. Washington - ✅✅✅Tuskegee Institute-
P a g e 1 | 17
,African American educator who contributed immensely to the development of education in the
United States- Influence on African American Students
Maria Montessori - ✅✅✅Casa Dei Bambini-
Developed theory and methods of educating young children
Ella Flagg Young - ✅✅✅First female superintendent for Chicago Public Schools-
First female president of the National Education Association
Teacher-centered philosophies - ✅✅✅essentialism, behaviorism, positivism
Student-centered philosophies - ✅✅✅progressivism, humanism, constructivism
Essentialism - ✅✅✅-core information that educated people should know
-hard work and mental discpline
-teacher centered instruction
-draws from idealism and realism
-focus mainly on developing basic skills, not truths
Essentialism- In the classroom - ✅✅✅-purpose of education is to transmit culture and develop
citizens
-student is a learner, teacher instructs in essentials
-curriculum focuses on subject matter and content
-methods include: required reading, lectures, memorization, repetition, examinations, step by
step directions
Behaviorism - ✅✅✅-B.F. Skinner is the father.
-Behavior determined by environment not heredity
-Behavior response to external stimuli
-behaviorism related to realism, link to environment
P a g e 2 | 17
, Behaviorism-In the classroom - ✅✅✅-Teacher influences student behavior by controlling
stimuli
-school environment is highly organized
-curriculum based on behavioral objectives
-knowledge is observable, a reward system is often utilized
Positivism - ✅✅✅-Focus on observable, measurable information
-reject beliefs about mind-spirit consciousness
-reality explained by laws of matter and motion
-knowledge based on sense of perceptions
-objective reality
Positivism- In the classroom - ✅✅✅-Direct instruction, clear structured directions and
expectations
-knowledge gained through empirical observation
-students assessed using same objective criteria
-content standards based on expert understandings
Progressivism - ✅✅✅-ideas verified through experiment, learners initiate questions
-human experience basis for knowledge, not authority
-privileges scientific method of teaching, learning
-emphasis on how to think (process) not what to think (content)
Progressivism- In the classroom - ✅✅✅-Schools must improve society, model democracy
-schools must model meaningful, organized freedom
-freedom expressed thought student-teacher collaboration
-texts become tools, not indisputable knowledge
-Henry Giroux schools as vehicles for change
-teachers should practice critical pedagogy
P a g e 3 | 17
