Grade 9 Geography
Review
Layers of The Earth
1. Atmosphere:
- A protective layer of the Earth.
- Provides life for the planet.
- Provides precipitation.
- Provides temperature regulator.
,2. Crust:
- The Earth’s outer surface.
- Continental Crust (32 km thick)
- Oldest crust.
- Thickest crust.
- Floats over liquid mantle (magma).
- Less dense, lighter.
- Oceanic Crust (8 km thick)
- Youngest crust.
- Thinnest crust.
- Floats over liquid mantle (magma).
- Denser, heavier.
3. Mantle: (2896 km thick)
- Represents 80% of the earth's interior.
- Contains thick “syrup like” fluid called MAGMA.
- Extremely hot!
4. Core:
- Outer Core (2252 km thick)
- Soft liquid that contains two minerals Fe (iron) and Ni (nickel).
- Inner Core (1287 km thick)
- Solid metal formed by the tremendous heat and pressure of the mantle
and the core.
- Also contains Fe and Ni.
- Over 5000* C.
How Minerals are Formed
The crystallization of magma (cool inside the crust) or lava (cools and hardens on the earth’s
surface).
- Igneous minerals crystallize from molten rock.
- Sedimentary minerals precipitate from water and air.
- - Metamorphic minerals are recrystallized from other minerals without melting.
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
, Origins Produced from molten Formed from igneous Igneous and
rock (magma) beneath and metamorphic rock sedimentary rock
the surface of the that was eroded by which is exposed to
Earth. wind, water, and ice. heat and pressure.
Characteristics - If cooled slowly, - Compressed - Formed
large crystals into layers of millions of
form. rock. years ago.
- If cooled - Forms - Lots of metallic
quickly, small horizontal mineral
crystals form. layers. deposits
present.
Examples - Metallic -shale, sandstone, - Marble, slate.
materials. limestone.
- Granite, iron
ore, nickel,
copper, basalt.
Rock Cycle:
1. Magma
2. Cools into igneous (can melt back to magma)
3. Erodes with wind, water, and ice into sediments
4. Compressed into layers (Sedimentary), can erode back to sediments
5. Heat and pressure makes metamorphic (igneous can jump to here with heat and
pressure)
6. Metamorphic can erode back to sediments or melt back into magma
Energy
Solar Energy:
- Advantages
- Non-polluting.
- Renewable.
- Flexible and modular.
- Safe.
- Disadvantages
- Can only be used in sunny environments.
- Electricity produced is more expensive.
- Has to be stored in batteries or it’s wasted.
WInd Energy:
- Advantages
- Free.
Review
Layers of The Earth
1. Atmosphere:
- A protective layer of the Earth.
- Provides life for the planet.
- Provides precipitation.
- Provides temperature regulator.
,2. Crust:
- The Earth’s outer surface.
- Continental Crust (32 km thick)
- Oldest crust.
- Thickest crust.
- Floats over liquid mantle (magma).
- Less dense, lighter.
- Oceanic Crust (8 km thick)
- Youngest crust.
- Thinnest crust.
- Floats over liquid mantle (magma).
- Denser, heavier.
3. Mantle: (2896 km thick)
- Represents 80% of the earth's interior.
- Contains thick “syrup like” fluid called MAGMA.
- Extremely hot!
4. Core:
- Outer Core (2252 km thick)
- Soft liquid that contains two minerals Fe (iron) and Ni (nickel).
- Inner Core (1287 km thick)
- Solid metal formed by the tremendous heat and pressure of the mantle
and the core.
- Also contains Fe and Ni.
- Over 5000* C.
How Minerals are Formed
The crystallization of magma (cool inside the crust) or lava (cools and hardens on the earth’s
surface).
- Igneous minerals crystallize from molten rock.
- Sedimentary minerals precipitate from water and air.
- - Metamorphic minerals are recrystallized from other minerals without melting.
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
, Origins Produced from molten Formed from igneous Igneous and
rock (magma) beneath and metamorphic rock sedimentary rock
the surface of the that was eroded by which is exposed to
Earth. wind, water, and ice. heat and pressure.
Characteristics - If cooled slowly, - Compressed - Formed
large crystals into layers of millions of
form. rock. years ago.
- If cooled - Forms - Lots of metallic
quickly, small horizontal mineral
crystals form. layers. deposits
present.
Examples - Metallic -shale, sandstone, - Marble, slate.
materials. limestone.
- Granite, iron
ore, nickel,
copper, basalt.
Rock Cycle:
1. Magma
2. Cools into igneous (can melt back to magma)
3. Erodes with wind, water, and ice into sediments
4. Compressed into layers (Sedimentary), can erode back to sediments
5. Heat and pressure makes metamorphic (igneous can jump to here with heat and
pressure)
6. Metamorphic can erode back to sediments or melt back into magma
Energy
Solar Energy:
- Advantages
- Non-polluting.
- Renewable.
- Flexible and modular.
- Safe.
- Disadvantages
- Can only be used in sunny environments.
- Electricity produced is more expensive.
- Has to be stored in batteries or it’s wasted.
WInd Energy:
- Advantages
- Free.
