Eslam Fahmy
https://t.me/splenotes
00201011922837
Abbreviations
AC • Before meal
PC • After meal
PRN • As needed (Dangerous abbreviation)
HS - BT • At bedtime
PO • By oral
PR • By rectum
OD • Once a day
BID • Twice a day
TID • Thrice a day
QID • Four times a day
Tw • Twice a week
QD • Every day
QOD • Every other day
QH • Every hour
QAM • Every morning
QPM • Every night
Q4H • Every 4 hours
BD • Before dinner
BBF • Before breakfast
Per diem • Daily – Per day
C • With
CC • Cubic centimeter
S • Without
Rx • Treatment
Hx • History
Dx • Diagnosis
Fx • Fracture
G - Gm • Gram
Gr • Grain
Oz • Ounce
Mg • Milligram
Mcg • Microgram
Meq • Milliequivalent
TSF • Teaspoonful = 5 ml
IM • Intramuscular
IV • Intravenous
ID • Intradermal
SC - SQ • Subcutaneous
SOS • If needed
Cap • Capsule
, Eslam Fahmy
https://t.me/splenotes
00201011922837
Antidotes
Poison/Drug Antidote
Anticholinergics (Atropine, Benztropine • Physostigmine
Xss CNS depression from Diazepam
Isoniazid (INH) • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Valproic acid • L-carnitine
Methotrexate (MTX) • Leucovorin
Methemoglobinemia inducing agents: • Methylene blue
Nitrites, Nitrates
Digoxin • Digibind, Digifab
Beta blockers • Glucagon
Calcium channel blockers • Calcium - Glucagon
Opioids (Morphine, Heroin, Codeine, Fentanyl • Naloxone – Naltrexone - Nalmefene
Benzodiazepine (Diazepam, Zolpidem • Flumazenil
TCA (Imipramine, Amitriptyline) • Sodium bicarbonate
Warfarin • Vitamin K1 (Phyto-menadione)
Heparin • Protamine sulfate
Dabigatran • Idarucizumab
Thrombolytics • Aminocaproic acid
(Streptokinase, urokinase, alteplase, Reteplase) • Tranexamic acid
Nerve gases • Atropine followed by Pralidoxime (2-PAM)
Organophosphorus insecticides
Carbamate insecticides • Atropine
Cyanide gas • Sodium thiosulfate – Amyl nitrite – Na nitrite
Chlorine gas • Sodium bicarbonate
Carbon monoxide • 100% O2
Hydrogen sulfide • Sodium nitrite
Methanol • Ethanol – Fomepizole – Folic acid - Leucovorin
Ethylene glycol • Ethanol – Fomepizole - Pyridoxine
Iron (Fe) • Deferoxamine
Lead (Pb) • D-Penicillamine – CaEDTA – Dimercaprol – DMSA - BAL
Arsenic • BAL
Thallium • Prussian blue
Mercury • BAL – DMSA
Cupper • D-penicillamine
Lithium (Li) • Sodium bicarbonate - Polystyrene sulfonate
Paracetamol/Acetaminophen • N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC)
Aspirin (Salicylic acid) • Alkalinization (NaHCO3)
Sulfonylurea • Octreotide
Insulin • Dextrose 50%
Crotaline snake bites (e.g. Rattle snakes) • Crotalidae anti-venom (CroFab)
Black widow spider venom • Latrodectus anti-venom
Brown recluse spider bite • Loxosceles anti-venom
Scorpion sting • Scorpion anti-venom
Clostridium botulinum • Botulinum anti-toxin
Sevelamer controls high blood levels of phosphorus in people with chronic kidney disease who are on dialysis.
, Eslam Fahmy
https://t.me/splenotes
00201011922837
Protein
❖ Essential and non-essential amino acids
Essential Non-essential
I Isoleucine The rest
Love Lysine
Lucy Leucine
Very Valine
Much Methionine
Please Phenylalanine
Try Tryptophan
To Threonine
Help Histidine
Arginine Arginine
• Glycine and Taurine amino acids → conjugation in liver
• There are 4 amino acids that are considered the best when it comes to producing keratin: Cysteine, Lysine,
Arginine and Methionine. M A L C →→ Present in hair and nail.
Lipid
Essential fatty acids Non-essential fatty acids
• Linolenic acid • Palmitic acid
• Linoleic acid • Oleic acid
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides • Glucose
• Galactose
• Fructose
Disaccharides • Sucrose
• Maltose
• Lactose
Polysaccharides • Starch
• Glycogen
• Cellulose
, Eslam Fahmy
https://t.me/splenotes
00201011922837
Classification of adverse drug reactions
Type Features Examples Management
A Augmented • Common 1- Drugs with narrow TI ✓ Reduce dose or withhold
• Related to pharmacological action. 2- Toxic effects of drugs:
• Predictable • Digoxin toxicity
✓ Low mortality (↓↓) • Serotonin toxicity with SSRI
• Dose related • Anticholinergic effects of TCA
B Bizarre • Uncommon 1- Penicillin hypersensitivity ✓ Withhold and avoid in future
• Not related to pharmacological action. 2- Idiosyncratic reactions:
• Unpredictable • Acute porphyria
High mortality (↑↑) • Malignant hyperthermia
• Non-dose related • Pseudo allergy
C Chronic • Uncommon 1- Cortisone for long time cause ✓ Reduce dose or withhold.
• Dose related → Related to cumulative dose suppression of Hypothalamic pituitary ✓ withdrawal may have to be
• Time related adrenal axis. prolonged.
D Delayed • Uncommon 1- Teratogenicity ✓ Intractable
• Time related 2- Carcinogenesis
3- Tardive dyskinesia
E End of use (Withdrawal) • Uncommon 1- Opiate withdrawal syndrome ✓ Reintroduced
• Occur soon after withdrawal of drug. 2- Beta blocker withdrawal ✓ withdraw slowly
• Myocardial ischemia)
F Failure • Common 1- Oral contraceptive failure when taken ✓ Increase dosage
• Often caused by drug interaction with enzyme inducer drug.
https://t.me/splenotes
00201011922837
Abbreviations
AC • Before meal
PC • After meal
PRN • As needed (Dangerous abbreviation)
HS - BT • At bedtime
PO • By oral
PR • By rectum
OD • Once a day
BID • Twice a day
TID • Thrice a day
QID • Four times a day
Tw • Twice a week
QD • Every day
QOD • Every other day
QH • Every hour
QAM • Every morning
QPM • Every night
Q4H • Every 4 hours
BD • Before dinner
BBF • Before breakfast
Per diem • Daily – Per day
C • With
CC • Cubic centimeter
S • Without
Rx • Treatment
Hx • History
Dx • Diagnosis
Fx • Fracture
G - Gm • Gram
Gr • Grain
Oz • Ounce
Mg • Milligram
Mcg • Microgram
Meq • Milliequivalent
TSF • Teaspoonful = 5 ml
IM • Intramuscular
IV • Intravenous
ID • Intradermal
SC - SQ • Subcutaneous
SOS • If needed
Cap • Capsule
, Eslam Fahmy
https://t.me/splenotes
00201011922837
Antidotes
Poison/Drug Antidote
Anticholinergics (Atropine, Benztropine • Physostigmine
Xss CNS depression from Diazepam
Isoniazid (INH) • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Valproic acid • L-carnitine
Methotrexate (MTX) • Leucovorin
Methemoglobinemia inducing agents: • Methylene blue
Nitrites, Nitrates
Digoxin • Digibind, Digifab
Beta blockers • Glucagon
Calcium channel blockers • Calcium - Glucagon
Opioids (Morphine, Heroin, Codeine, Fentanyl • Naloxone – Naltrexone - Nalmefene
Benzodiazepine (Diazepam, Zolpidem • Flumazenil
TCA (Imipramine, Amitriptyline) • Sodium bicarbonate
Warfarin • Vitamin K1 (Phyto-menadione)
Heparin • Protamine sulfate
Dabigatran • Idarucizumab
Thrombolytics • Aminocaproic acid
(Streptokinase, urokinase, alteplase, Reteplase) • Tranexamic acid
Nerve gases • Atropine followed by Pralidoxime (2-PAM)
Organophosphorus insecticides
Carbamate insecticides • Atropine
Cyanide gas • Sodium thiosulfate – Amyl nitrite – Na nitrite
Chlorine gas • Sodium bicarbonate
Carbon monoxide • 100% O2
Hydrogen sulfide • Sodium nitrite
Methanol • Ethanol – Fomepizole – Folic acid - Leucovorin
Ethylene glycol • Ethanol – Fomepizole - Pyridoxine
Iron (Fe) • Deferoxamine
Lead (Pb) • D-Penicillamine – CaEDTA – Dimercaprol – DMSA - BAL
Arsenic • BAL
Thallium • Prussian blue
Mercury • BAL – DMSA
Cupper • D-penicillamine
Lithium (Li) • Sodium bicarbonate - Polystyrene sulfonate
Paracetamol/Acetaminophen • N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC)
Aspirin (Salicylic acid) • Alkalinization (NaHCO3)
Sulfonylurea • Octreotide
Insulin • Dextrose 50%
Crotaline snake bites (e.g. Rattle snakes) • Crotalidae anti-venom (CroFab)
Black widow spider venom • Latrodectus anti-venom
Brown recluse spider bite • Loxosceles anti-venom
Scorpion sting • Scorpion anti-venom
Clostridium botulinum • Botulinum anti-toxin
Sevelamer controls high blood levels of phosphorus in people with chronic kidney disease who are on dialysis.
, Eslam Fahmy
https://t.me/splenotes
00201011922837
Protein
❖ Essential and non-essential amino acids
Essential Non-essential
I Isoleucine The rest
Love Lysine
Lucy Leucine
Very Valine
Much Methionine
Please Phenylalanine
Try Tryptophan
To Threonine
Help Histidine
Arginine Arginine
• Glycine and Taurine amino acids → conjugation in liver
• There are 4 amino acids that are considered the best when it comes to producing keratin: Cysteine, Lysine,
Arginine and Methionine. M A L C →→ Present in hair and nail.
Lipid
Essential fatty acids Non-essential fatty acids
• Linolenic acid • Palmitic acid
• Linoleic acid • Oleic acid
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides • Glucose
• Galactose
• Fructose
Disaccharides • Sucrose
• Maltose
• Lactose
Polysaccharides • Starch
• Glycogen
• Cellulose
, Eslam Fahmy
https://t.me/splenotes
00201011922837
Classification of adverse drug reactions
Type Features Examples Management
A Augmented • Common 1- Drugs with narrow TI ✓ Reduce dose or withhold
• Related to pharmacological action. 2- Toxic effects of drugs:
• Predictable • Digoxin toxicity
✓ Low mortality (↓↓) • Serotonin toxicity with SSRI
• Dose related • Anticholinergic effects of TCA
B Bizarre • Uncommon 1- Penicillin hypersensitivity ✓ Withhold and avoid in future
• Not related to pharmacological action. 2- Idiosyncratic reactions:
• Unpredictable • Acute porphyria
High mortality (↑↑) • Malignant hyperthermia
• Non-dose related • Pseudo allergy
C Chronic • Uncommon 1- Cortisone for long time cause ✓ Reduce dose or withhold.
• Dose related → Related to cumulative dose suppression of Hypothalamic pituitary ✓ withdrawal may have to be
• Time related adrenal axis. prolonged.
D Delayed • Uncommon 1- Teratogenicity ✓ Intractable
• Time related 2- Carcinogenesis
3- Tardive dyskinesia
E End of use (Withdrawal) • Uncommon 1- Opiate withdrawal syndrome ✓ Reintroduced
• Occur soon after withdrawal of drug. 2- Beta blocker withdrawal ✓ withdraw slowly
• Myocardial ischemia)
F Failure • Common 1- Oral contraceptive failure when taken ✓ Increase dosage
• Often caused by drug interaction with enzyme inducer drug.
