Methodenleer
Hoorcollege 1 (23-10): inleiding methodenleer.....................................................................................5
Wat is wetenschappelijk onderzoek?................................................................................................5
Verschillende benaderingen..............................................................................................................5
Het wetenschappelijke proces...........................................................................................................7
Wetenschappelijke onderzoeksvragen..............................................................................................8
Kwantitatief & kwalitatief onderzoek................................................................................................8
Hypothesen........................................................................................................................................8
Hoorcollege 2 (27-10): verbanden tussen variabelen..........................................................................12
6. Hypotheses (vervolg vorig college)..............................................................................................12
2. Bivariate verbanden.....................................................................................................................12
3. Twee (of meer) onafhankelijke variabelen..................................................................................13
4. Mediatie.......................................................................................................................................14
5. Moderatie....................................................................................................................................15
6. Conceptueel model......................................................................................................................16
, 7. Schijnverband (spurieus verband)...............................................................................................17
Hoorcollege 3 (30-10): validiteit & betrouwbaarheid..........................................................................18
1.Eenheid van analyse.....................................................................................................................18
Geneste data................................................................................................................................18
Overwegingen..............................................................................................................................19
Misvattingen (fallacies)................................................................................................................19
2.Meten in de sociale wetenschappen............................................................................................19
Conceptualiseren.........................................................................................................................20
Operationaliseren........................................................................................................................20
Meetniveau 's..............................................................................................................................21
Kwaliteit van meten.........................................................................................................................22
Betrouwbaarheid.........................................................................................................................22
Validiteit......................................................................................................................................23
Hoorcollege 4 (3-11): kwalitatief onderzoek........................................................................................25
Kwantitatief & kwalitatief onderzoek..............................................................................................25
Methoden van kwalitatief onderzoek..............................................................................................25
Observeren..................................................................................................................................25
Interviewen..................................................................................................................................26
Bestaande data --> college 12 en jaar 2.......................................................................................28
Kwaliteitscriteria..............................................................................................................................28
Hoorcollege 5 (6-11): steekproeftrekking (a).......................................................................................30
Steekproeftrekking: wat, waarom, wanneer?..................................................................................30
Sleutelconcepten.............................................................................................................................30
Willekeurige vs niet-willekeurige steekproeftrekking......................................................................31
Dekkingsfout....................................................................................................................................31
Willekeurige steekproefdesigns (Probability sampling) (inc. Steekproeffout).................................32
Willekeurig selecteren.....................................................................................................................36
Hoorcollege 6 (10-11): steekproeftrekking (b).....................................................................................37
Niet-willekeurige steekproefdesigns................................................................................................37
Steekproefgrootte...........................................................................................................................38
Hoorcollege 7 & 8: Surveyonderzoek...................................................................................................39
Wat is surveyonderzoek?.................................................................................................................39
Kenmerken van surveyonderzoek....................................................................................................39
Voordelen en nadelen.................................................................................................................39
Survey onderzoeksdesigns...............................................................................................................40
Cross-sectioneel...........................................................................................................................40
, Longtudinaal................................................................................................................................41
Panelstudie..............................................................................................................................41
Trendstudie..............................................................................................................................41
Kwaliteit van surveyonderzoek........................................................................................................43
Vormen van surveyonderzoek (survey modes)................................................................................43
Vragenlijstontwerp..........................................................................................................................45
Open vs gesloten.........................................................................................................................45
Antwoordschalen.........................................................................................................................46
Dichotoom (dichotomous).......................................................................................................46
Geordende beoordelingsschalen (rating).................................................................................46
Semantische differential (sementic differential)......................................................................47
Rangschikken (ranking)............................................................................................................48
Kiezen (picking)........................................................................................................................48
Gevoelige onderwerpen..............................................................................................................48
Indirecte vraagstelling..............................................................................................................48
Aanvaardbaar maken van antwoorden die afwijken van de sociale norm...............................49
Randomized response..............................................................................................................49
Item-count methode................................................................................................................50
Vraagformulering.........................................................................................................................50
Vertekening van antwoorden (response bias).............................................................................53
Vragenlijst als geheel...................................................................................................................53
Hoorcollege 9 & 10: Experimenten......................................................................................................55
Experimenten: Wat, Waarom, Wanneer.........................................................................................55
Klassiek experimenteel design.........................................................................................................56
Validiteit..........................................................................................................................................58
Ontwerpen en uitvoeren.................................................................................................................59
Vertekening van resultaten (bias)................................................................................................60
Bedreiging voor interne validiteit....................................................................................................61
Soorten experimentele designs.......................................................................................................63
Pre-experimentele designs..........................................................................................................63
Zuiver experimentele designs......................................................................................................64
Quasi-experimentele designs.......................................................................................................65
Hoorcollege 11: Evaluatieonderzoek...................................................................................................68
Evaluatieonderzoek: Wat, waarom, wanneer?................................................................................68
Typen Evaluatieonderzoek...............................................................................................................70
Methodologische uitdagingen.........................................................................................................72
, Hoorcollege 12: Bestaande data..........................................................................................................75
Bestaande Data: Wat, Waarom, Wanneer?.....................................................................................75
Bronnen met bestaande data..........................................................................................................75
Methodologische uitdagingen.........................................................................................................79
Hoorcollege 13: Afronding...................................................................................................................81
Hoorcollege 1 (23-10): inleiding methodenleer.....................................................................................5
Wat is wetenschappelijk onderzoek?................................................................................................5
Verschillende benaderingen..............................................................................................................5
Het wetenschappelijke proces...........................................................................................................7
Wetenschappelijke onderzoeksvragen..............................................................................................8
Kwantitatief & kwalitatief onderzoek................................................................................................8
Hypothesen........................................................................................................................................8
Hoorcollege 2 (27-10): verbanden tussen variabelen..........................................................................12
6. Hypotheses (vervolg vorig college)..............................................................................................12
2. Bivariate verbanden.....................................................................................................................12
3. Twee (of meer) onafhankelijke variabelen..................................................................................13
4. Mediatie.......................................................................................................................................14
5. Moderatie....................................................................................................................................15
6. Conceptueel model......................................................................................................................16
, 7. Schijnverband (spurieus verband)...............................................................................................17
Hoorcollege 3 (30-10): validiteit & betrouwbaarheid..........................................................................18
1.Eenheid van analyse.....................................................................................................................18
Geneste data................................................................................................................................18
Overwegingen..............................................................................................................................19
Misvattingen (fallacies)................................................................................................................19
2.Meten in de sociale wetenschappen............................................................................................19
Conceptualiseren.........................................................................................................................20
Operationaliseren........................................................................................................................20
Meetniveau 's..............................................................................................................................21
Kwaliteit van meten.........................................................................................................................22
Betrouwbaarheid.........................................................................................................................22
Validiteit......................................................................................................................................23
Hoorcollege 4 (3-11): kwalitatief onderzoek........................................................................................25
Kwantitatief & kwalitatief onderzoek..............................................................................................25
Methoden van kwalitatief onderzoek..............................................................................................25
Observeren..................................................................................................................................25
Interviewen..................................................................................................................................26
Bestaande data --> college 12 en jaar 2.......................................................................................28
Kwaliteitscriteria..............................................................................................................................28
Hoorcollege 5 (6-11): steekproeftrekking (a).......................................................................................30
Steekproeftrekking: wat, waarom, wanneer?..................................................................................30
Sleutelconcepten.............................................................................................................................30
Willekeurige vs niet-willekeurige steekproeftrekking......................................................................31
Dekkingsfout....................................................................................................................................31
Willekeurige steekproefdesigns (Probability sampling) (inc. Steekproeffout).................................32
Willekeurig selecteren.....................................................................................................................36
Hoorcollege 6 (10-11): steekproeftrekking (b).....................................................................................37
Niet-willekeurige steekproefdesigns................................................................................................37
Steekproefgrootte...........................................................................................................................38
Hoorcollege 7 & 8: Surveyonderzoek...................................................................................................39
Wat is surveyonderzoek?.................................................................................................................39
Kenmerken van surveyonderzoek....................................................................................................39
Voordelen en nadelen.................................................................................................................39
Survey onderzoeksdesigns...............................................................................................................40
Cross-sectioneel...........................................................................................................................40
, Longtudinaal................................................................................................................................41
Panelstudie..............................................................................................................................41
Trendstudie..............................................................................................................................41
Kwaliteit van surveyonderzoek........................................................................................................43
Vormen van surveyonderzoek (survey modes)................................................................................43
Vragenlijstontwerp..........................................................................................................................45
Open vs gesloten.........................................................................................................................45
Antwoordschalen.........................................................................................................................46
Dichotoom (dichotomous).......................................................................................................46
Geordende beoordelingsschalen (rating).................................................................................46
Semantische differential (sementic differential)......................................................................47
Rangschikken (ranking)............................................................................................................48
Kiezen (picking)........................................................................................................................48
Gevoelige onderwerpen..............................................................................................................48
Indirecte vraagstelling..............................................................................................................48
Aanvaardbaar maken van antwoorden die afwijken van de sociale norm...............................49
Randomized response..............................................................................................................49
Item-count methode................................................................................................................50
Vraagformulering.........................................................................................................................50
Vertekening van antwoorden (response bias).............................................................................53
Vragenlijst als geheel...................................................................................................................53
Hoorcollege 9 & 10: Experimenten......................................................................................................55
Experimenten: Wat, Waarom, Wanneer.........................................................................................55
Klassiek experimenteel design.........................................................................................................56
Validiteit..........................................................................................................................................58
Ontwerpen en uitvoeren.................................................................................................................59
Vertekening van resultaten (bias)................................................................................................60
Bedreiging voor interne validiteit....................................................................................................61
Soorten experimentele designs.......................................................................................................63
Pre-experimentele designs..........................................................................................................63
Zuiver experimentele designs......................................................................................................64
Quasi-experimentele designs.......................................................................................................65
Hoorcollege 11: Evaluatieonderzoek...................................................................................................68
Evaluatieonderzoek: Wat, waarom, wanneer?................................................................................68
Typen Evaluatieonderzoek...............................................................................................................70
Methodologische uitdagingen.........................................................................................................72
, Hoorcollege 12: Bestaande data..........................................................................................................75
Bestaande Data: Wat, Waarom, Wanneer?.....................................................................................75
Bronnen met bestaande data..........................................................................................................75
Methodologische uitdagingen.........................................................................................................79
Hoorcollege 13: Afronding...................................................................................................................81
