Galen NUR 242 Exam 4 – Cardiovascular Rated A+
2023-2024
What is the equation for cardiac output? - ANSWER---CO = HR x SV
What is preload? - ANSWER---the heart is being stretched out
What does preload reflect? - ANSWER---how much fluid is in the heart
What is afterload? - ANSWER---resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject
blood
Example of increased preload - ANSWER---CHF
Example of increased afterload - ANSWER---hypertension
What is blood pressure? - ANSWER---force of blood against vessel walls
What is systolic blood pressure? - ANSWER---amount of pressure generated by
the left ventricle to distribute blood into the aorta with each CONTRACTION of
the heart
What is diastolic blood pressure? - ANSWER---amount of pressure against the
arterial walls during RELAXATION of the heart
What is the equation for MAP? - ANSWER---2(diastolic) + systolic / 3
, Galen NUR 242 Exam 4 – Cardiovascular Rated A+
2023-2024
What is the minimum the MAP can be to maintain adequate perfusion? -
ANSWER---no less than 60
What is another name for orthostatic changes? - ANSWER---postural hypotension
A decrease of more than 20 mmHg systolic or more than 10 mmHg diastolic
pressure with an increase in heart rate - ANSWER---orthostatic change
How do you measure orthostatic changes? - ANSWER---Check blood pressure in
the following order: after laying supine for 3 minutes, after sitting for 1 minute
and standing **Keep cuff in same place**
What precautions are important for a patient experiencing orthostatic changes? -
ANSWER---fall
Who is at risk for orthostatic changes? - ANSWER---prolonged bed rest,
medications, dehydration, volume depletion, autonomic nervous system
disorders
Cardiovascular assessment - ANSWER---general apperance, skin, weight, edema,
extremities, blood pressure
Markers of myocardial damage - ANSWER---troponin, creatinine kinase, CKMB,
myoglobin, serum lipids, homocystine levels
, Galen NUR 242 Exam 4 – Cardiovascular Rated A+
2023-2024
Normal lipid levels - ANSWER---Total cholesterol <200mg/dL, LDL (Cardiac pt)
<70/dL, LDL (Non-Cardiac pt) <130/, HDL >40mg/dL, Triglycerides <150mg/dL
Cardiac Diagnostic Tests - ANSWER---ECG, Echocardiogram, Cardiac Catherization
Nursing considerations for cardiac catherization - ANSWER---informed consent,
patent IV, allergies to iodine or shellfish, NPO, height, weight, sensations from
dye, post procedure care (bed rest 6 hours, leg straight, assess vitals and pulse
frequently)
What is a normal ejection fraction? - ANSWER---55-65%
What are the contraindications for cardiac catherization? - ANSWER---due to use
of dye - renal failure/insufficiency (cret >1.5) or metformin use in the last 48
hours
Why is a cardiac catherization conducted? - ANSWER---blockage in coronary
arteries
All rythm issues are ____________ related - ANSWER---electrical/conduction
P Wave - ANSWER---atrial contraction / atrial depolarization
QRS complex - ANSWER---ventricular contraction / ventricular depolarization
T Wave - ANSWER---ventricular relaxation/ ventricular repolarization
2023-2024
What is the equation for cardiac output? - ANSWER---CO = HR x SV
What is preload? - ANSWER---the heart is being stretched out
What does preload reflect? - ANSWER---how much fluid is in the heart
What is afterload? - ANSWER---resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject
blood
Example of increased preload - ANSWER---CHF
Example of increased afterload - ANSWER---hypertension
What is blood pressure? - ANSWER---force of blood against vessel walls
What is systolic blood pressure? - ANSWER---amount of pressure generated by
the left ventricle to distribute blood into the aorta with each CONTRACTION of
the heart
What is diastolic blood pressure? - ANSWER---amount of pressure against the
arterial walls during RELAXATION of the heart
What is the equation for MAP? - ANSWER---2(diastolic) + systolic / 3
, Galen NUR 242 Exam 4 – Cardiovascular Rated A+
2023-2024
What is the minimum the MAP can be to maintain adequate perfusion? -
ANSWER---no less than 60
What is another name for orthostatic changes? - ANSWER---postural hypotension
A decrease of more than 20 mmHg systolic or more than 10 mmHg diastolic
pressure with an increase in heart rate - ANSWER---orthostatic change
How do you measure orthostatic changes? - ANSWER---Check blood pressure in
the following order: after laying supine for 3 minutes, after sitting for 1 minute
and standing **Keep cuff in same place**
What precautions are important for a patient experiencing orthostatic changes? -
ANSWER---fall
Who is at risk for orthostatic changes? - ANSWER---prolonged bed rest,
medications, dehydration, volume depletion, autonomic nervous system
disorders
Cardiovascular assessment - ANSWER---general apperance, skin, weight, edema,
extremities, blood pressure
Markers of myocardial damage - ANSWER---troponin, creatinine kinase, CKMB,
myoglobin, serum lipids, homocystine levels
, Galen NUR 242 Exam 4 – Cardiovascular Rated A+
2023-2024
Normal lipid levels - ANSWER---Total cholesterol <200mg/dL, LDL (Cardiac pt)
<70/dL, LDL (Non-Cardiac pt) <130/, HDL >40mg/dL, Triglycerides <150mg/dL
Cardiac Diagnostic Tests - ANSWER---ECG, Echocardiogram, Cardiac Catherization
Nursing considerations for cardiac catherization - ANSWER---informed consent,
patent IV, allergies to iodine or shellfish, NPO, height, weight, sensations from
dye, post procedure care (bed rest 6 hours, leg straight, assess vitals and pulse
frequently)
What is a normal ejection fraction? - ANSWER---55-65%
What are the contraindications for cardiac catherization? - ANSWER---due to use
of dye - renal failure/insufficiency (cret >1.5) or metformin use in the last 48
hours
Why is a cardiac catherization conducted? - ANSWER---blockage in coronary
arteries
All rythm issues are ____________ related - ANSWER---electrical/conduction
P Wave - ANSWER---atrial contraction / atrial depolarization
QRS complex - ANSWER---ventricular contraction / ventricular depolarization
T Wave - ANSWER---ventricular relaxation/ ventricular repolarization
