samenvatting: A Global History, David Chidester
week 1
A
1 Beginnings
Incident of the golden eagle → martyrs: King Herord the Great (73-4 bce) - Judas
and Matthias
Christianity began 1st century Galilee and Judaea
Spheres:
- Political
- Priestley
- popular
Political
● Province Judaea, King Herold
● Herald indicated the lengths to which he was prepared to go in
accommodating the city of Jerusalem to the religion of the Empire
Priestley
● Priests to maintain the religious life of the temple
● Judas and Matthias: The priest had conspired with Herad to file the purity of
the sacred space by introducing an alien symbol of a for an imperial religion
into the temple (golden eagle)
ancestral religion
● Of our fathers
not about promises after death, but a way of life
Ancestral religion established the terms and conditions for a life of piety and purity.
However in first century Palestine that was a life under enormous pressures
➔ foreign domination
➔ heavy taxation
➔ socio-economic changes
Response
● Era of revolt (against Romans and priests aristocracy)
, ● Jewish war 66 CE
Keerpunt: 70 CE destruction of Temple
➔ Judaism and Christianity as alternative in competing ways of being religious
Pax romana
The Roman empire asserted its political authority primarily through the collection of
tribute and taxes
The Emperor himself became a divine being in Roman Imperial religion
Temples provided the most visible manifestations of religion: Eating and drinking in
the presence of a divine being was a significant ritual event in Roman religion
Texts more portable than temples.
Platonic: All the gods of the Greco Roman pantheon could be explained as different
names for the one God
The Hebrew text of the Tenach* was translated into the Greek text of the Septuagint.
*In Chidester staat Tora, maar dit moet dus Tenach zijn.
Until its destruction and 70 CE the temple in Jerusalem was a fixed centre of
religious life in Roman Judaea.
Big question
Since the annual Passover festival celebrated the liberation of the people of Israel
from slave and in Egypt many people wondered: how could such a festival of
liberation be celebrated by those who were currently enslaved by the Roman
Empire?
Sadducees:
Originating within the Priestly aristocracy they formed a religious movement that was
devoted to a strict Conservative a literal interpretation of the Torah
Pharisees:
Emerging from the scribal class → developed standards of piety, purity and religious
observance → made them widely regarded as interpreters of the personal and social
implications of the Torah
Essenes:
Resistance: retreating to the desert → Dead Sea Scrolls → Qumran → Jerusalem
priesthood as corrupt → form a new israel in the desert
,Qumran: dualistic world view (God vs Satan)
issue of taxation = dual taxation: priests and Rome = political and religious problem
Under the patriarchal authority of the Father, the household was created as a
religious space of piety and purity. → Threatened by social forces of economic
exploitation and imperial domination no no no myself
Josephus: charlatans out for kingship / messiah
Popular movements were similarly suppressed by the Roman army
Under the Roman general Vaspasian, imperial troops crushed the revolt in 70 CE by
destroying the temple and the city of Jerusalem → removed the heart of the revolt
2 Jezus
Jezus according to basic modern historian
● born between 6 and 4 bce
● Nazareth
● Aramaic
● religious movement of John (Baptist)
● died: crucifixion 30ce
➔ all these aspects are up for historical debate
historical jesus? multiple images of the same man
christos is greek for messiah
distinction religio and superstitio
Gospel of john
Gospel of Mark: jezus was a teacher
➔ not a regular teacher
➔ work of wonders
➔ the holy one of God
➔ exorcist????
Scribal tradition within Jewish literature developed a foundation for stories about the
power and presence of divine wisdom.
, Wisdom of Solomon
apocalyptic texts: departure of divine wisdom from jerusalem
less a matter of sofia than metis
cutting ties with family to learn from jesus
In the face-to-face relations of the village community Jesus advocated mutual
forgiveness, the cancellation of debt, and an ethical reciprocity that was based on
treating other people as one would want to be treated.
crazy wisdom: love your enemies
Jesus was seen as a clever and unconventional teacher who used wise sayings that
made people think differently. His clever statements caused people to have new,
surprising thoughts that challenged and weakened the usual ideas about how people
relate to each other. Jesus didn't follow the usual way of teaching or speaking;
instead, he said things that made people rethink what they thought they knew about
human relationships.
The "Saying Source" refers to the source of the various sayings or teachings
attributed to Jesus Christ. It is commonly associated with the quest for identifying the
original or authentic sayings of Jesus, particularly within the academic field of biblical
studies. One of the key concepts related to this search for the authentic sayings is
the "Q source" or "Q document." Q (short for Quelle, German for "source") is a
hypothetical written collection of Jesus' sayings that might have been a source for
the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. This theoretical document is believed to have
contained sayings of Jesus, and scholars theorize that both Matthew and Luke used
Q, along with the Gospel of Mark, as a reference when writing their gospels.
The concept of the "Saying Source" delves into identifying, analyzing, and
interpreting the original or earliest sayings of Jesus in the context of historical
research and biblical studies, aiming to understand the historical Jesus and his
teachings.
Students of Jesus were required to…:
➔ Give up family
➔ give up home
➔ Give up possessions
All for a life of wondering. Jesus exhorted his students to learn his divine wisdom by
imitating him.
week 1
A
1 Beginnings
Incident of the golden eagle → martyrs: King Herord the Great (73-4 bce) - Judas
and Matthias
Christianity began 1st century Galilee and Judaea
Spheres:
- Political
- Priestley
- popular
Political
● Province Judaea, King Herold
● Herald indicated the lengths to which he was prepared to go in
accommodating the city of Jerusalem to the religion of the Empire
Priestley
● Priests to maintain the religious life of the temple
● Judas and Matthias: The priest had conspired with Herad to file the purity of
the sacred space by introducing an alien symbol of a for an imperial religion
into the temple (golden eagle)
ancestral religion
● Of our fathers
not about promises after death, but a way of life
Ancestral religion established the terms and conditions for a life of piety and purity.
However in first century Palestine that was a life under enormous pressures
➔ foreign domination
➔ heavy taxation
➔ socio-economic changes
Response
● Era of revolt (against Romans and priests aristocracy)
, ● Jewish war 66 CE
Keerpunt: 70 CE destruction of Temple
➔ Judaism and Christianity as alternative in competing ways of being religious
Pax romana
The Roman empire asserted its political authority primarily through the collection of
tribute and taxes
The Emperor himself became a divine being in Roman Imperial religion
Temples provided the most visible manifestations of religion: Eating and drinking in
the presence of a divine being was a significant ritual event in Roman religion
Texts more portable than temples.
Platonic: All the gods of the Greco Roman pantheon could be explained as different
names for the one God
The Hebrew text of the Tenach* was translated into the Greek text of the Septuagint.
*In Chidester staat Tora, maar dit moet dus Tenach zijn.
Until its destruction and 70 CE the temple in Jerusalem was a fixed centre of
religious life in Roman Judaea.
Big question
Since the annual Passover festival celebrated the liberation of the people of Israel
from slave and in Egypt many people wondered: how could such a festival of
liberation be celebrated by those who were currently enslaved by the Roman
Empire?
Sadducees:
Originating within the Priestly aristocracy they formed a religious movement that was
devoted to a strict Conservative a literal interpretation of the Torah
Pharisees:
Emerging from the scribal class → developed standards of piety, purity and religious
observance → made them widely regarded as interpreters of the personal and social
implications of the Torah
Essenes:
Resistance: retreating to the desert → Dead Sea Scrolls → Qumran → Jerusalem
priesthood as corrupt → form a new israel in the desert
,Qumran: dualistic world view (God vs Satan)
issue of taxation = dual taxation: priests and Rome = political and religious problem
Under the patriarchal authority of the Father, the household was created as a
religious space of piety and purity. → Threatened by social forces of economic
exploitation and imperial domination no no no myself
Josephus: charlatans out for kingship / messiah
Popular movements were similarly suppressed by the Roman army
Under the Roman general Vaspasian, imperial troops crushed the revolt in 70 CE by
destroying the temple and the city of Jerusalem → removed the heart of the revolt
2 Jezus
Jezus according to basic modern historian
● born between 6 and 4 bce
● Nazareth
● Aramaic
● religious movement of John (Baptist)
● died: crucifixion 30ce
➔ all these aspects are up for historical debate
historical jesus? multiple images of the same man
christos is greek for messiah
distinction religio and superstitio
Gospel of john
Gospel of Mark: jezus was a teacher
➔ not a regular teacher
➔ work of wonders
➔ the holy one of God
➔ exorcist????
Scribal tradition within Jewish literature developed a foundation for stories about the
power and presence of divine wisdom.
, Wisdom of Solomon
apocalyptic texts: departure of divine wisdom from jerusalem
less a matter of sofia than metis
cutting ties with family to learn from jesus
In the face-to-face relations of the village community Jesus advocated mutual
forgiveness, the cancellation of debt, and an ethical reciprocity that was based on
treating other people as one would want to be treated.
crazy wisdom: love your enemies
Jesus was seen as a clever and unconventional teacher who used wise sayings that
made people think differently. His clever statements caused people to have new,
surprising thoughts that challenged and weakened the usual ideas about how people
relate to each other. Jesus didn't follow the usual way of teaching or speaking;
instead, he said things that made people rethink what they thought they knew about
human relationships.
The "Saying Source" refers to the source of the various sayings or teachings
attributed to Jesus Christ. It is commonly associated with the quest for identifying the
original or authentic sayings of Jesus, particularly within the academic field of biblical
studies. One of the key concepts related to this search for the authentic sayings is
the "Q source" or "Q document." Q (short for Quelle, German for "source") is a
hypothetical written collection of Jesus' sayings that might have been a source for
the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. This theoretical document is believed to have
contained sayings of Jesus, and scholars theorize that both Matthew and Luke used
Q, along with the Gospel of Mark, as a reference when writing their gospels.
The concept of the "Saying Source" delves into identifying, analyzing, and
interpreting the original or earliest sayings of Jesus in the context of historical
research and biblical studies, aiming to understand the historical Jesus and his
teachings.
Students of Jesus were required to…:
➔ Give up family
➔ give up home
➔ Give up possessions
All for a life of wondering. Jesus exhorted his students to learn his divine wisdom by
imitating him.
