HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Missing Teeth - Answer- -Permanent teeth missing.
-S&S- Malocclusion (improper positioning of teeth), jaw pain, bolting (inadequate
chewing of food).
~Congenital, periodontal disease
Impacted Third Molars (Wisdom Teeth) - Answer- -Third molar is malpositioned,
preventing tooth eruption.
~Become impacted when they don't have enough room for eruption due to bone
structure; adjacent teeth block eruption
Dental Caries (Tooth Decay) - Answer- -Erosion of tooth surface causing infection.
-S&S-Mild toothache, hypersensitivity to sweets and temp. extremes
~Acid plaque eroding tooth enamel causing formation of cavity
Discolored Teeth - Answer- -Teeth are discolored
-S&S- colors from slight yellow to brown and gray; brown spots, patches
~Age, Smoking, Dead tooth (gray color), red wine, coffee, tea, food, certain drugs,
pertussis (whooping cough)
Gingivitis - Answer- -Inflammation and swelling of gums
-S&S- gums become red,soft, and shiny; bleed easily; leads to periodontitis if not
treated
~Plaque (sticky deposit of mucus, bacteria and food particles that builds up as a result
of inadequate brushing and flossing)
Periodontitis - Answer- -Destructive gum and bone disease around one or more of the
teeth
-S&S- end result of gingivitis; pockets form between teeth and gums in ging. that
expose the root; plaque develops; halitosis
~Plaque biofilm and unchecked gingivitis; poor personal oral hygiene; smoking.
Oral Tumors - Answer- -Neoplasms, benign(noncancerous) or malignant(cancerous),
localized or invasive.
-S&S- begin as single, small pale lumps. Benign do not metastasize.
~Unknown cause
Malocclusion - Answer- -Specific angles of malposition and contact of the maxillary and
mandibular teeth, faulty bite
-S&S- protrusion/recession of the jaw; teeth turned/twisted out of position because of
crowding
~Characteristics inherited from parents; early loss of primary teeth or oral habits
(thumb/finger sucking)
, Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Syndrome - Answer- -Symptom complex related to
inflammation, disease, or dysfunction of temporomandibular joint
-S&S- clicking sounds during chewing; severe pain/aching beind ears and jaw joints,
headache, dizziness
~Bruxism (grinding of teeth); malocclusion; habitual gum chewing
Tooth Abscesses - Answer- -Pus-filled sac in the tissue surrounding the base of the root
-S&S- persistent aches/throbs; glands in neck and face become swollen/tender; fever
~Forms when a tooth is decayed/dying or when the tooth structure loss exposes the
dental nerve to mouth bacteria
Mouth Ulcers (Canker Sores) - Answer- -Lesion on the mucous membrane, exposing
underlying sensitive tissue
-S&S- aphthous: occur during stress/illness; traumatic: from injury (hot food burn, rough
denture)
~No viral cause known. Acute ulcerations- viral and bacterial infections, mechanical
trauma, stress, or illness
Herpes Simplex (Cold Sores) - Answer- -Contagious recurrent viral infection affecting
skin and mucous membranes
-S&S- on lips and inside the mouth; tingling and numbness around the mouth precede
the appearance (prodrome- initial stage of disease before onset of actual symptoms)
~Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1); recurrent because virus can lie dormant
Thrush - Answer- -Candidiasis of the oral mucosa (mouth, tongue, palate, and gums)
-S&S- burning sensation in the mouth; painful when rubbed; light bleeding might occur;
sore slightly raised pale yellow patches in the mouth and sometimes the throat
~The fungus Candida albicans; can multiply out of control; prolonged treatment of
antibiotics; cancer chemotherapy; diabetes
Necrotizing Periodontal Disease - Answer- -Infection affecting the gums and the
anchoring structure of the teeth
-S&S- primary symptom: painful, red, swollen gums with ulcers that bleed; gray gums in
areas of decomposing tissue; metallic taste
~anaerobic opportunistic bacteria; results from poor oral hygiene and bacterial infection
secondary to gingivitis; stress; poor nutrition; smoking
Oral Leukoplakia - Answer- -Leukoplakia or white plaque is a thickening and hardening
of a part of the mucous membrane in the mouth
-S&S- can vary in size; mucous membrane become rough, hard, and whitish gray,
sensitive to hot or highly seasoned foods
~Chronic irritation e.g friction caused by habitual cheek biting, rough teeth that rubs an
area raw; reaction to heat from tobacco smoke
Missing Teeth - Answer- -Permanent teeth missing.
-S&S- Malocclusion (improper positioning of teeth), jaw pain, bolting (inadequate
chewing of food).
~Congenital, periodontal disease
Impacted Third Molars (Wisdom Teeth) - Answer- -Third molar is malpositioned,
preventing tooth eruption.
~Become impacted when they don't have enough room for eruption due to bone
structure; adjacent teeth block eruption
Dental Caries (Tooth Decay) - Answer- -Erosion of tooth surface causing infection.
-S&S-Mild toothache, hypersensitivity to sweets and temp. extremes
~Acid plaque eroding tooth enamel causing formation of cavity
Discolored Teeth - Answer- -Teeth are discolored
-S&S- colors from slight yellow to brown and gray; brown spots, patches
~Age, Smoking, Dead tooth (gray color), red wine, coffee, tea, food, certain drugs,
pertussis (whooping cough)
Gingivitis - Answer- -Inflammation and swelling of gums
-S&S- gums become red,soft, and shiny; bleed easily; leads to periodontitis if not
treated
~Plaque (sticky deposit of mucus, bacteria and food particles that builds up as a result
of inadequate brushing and flossing)
Periodontitis - Answer- -Destructive gum and bone disease around one or more of the
teeth
-S&S- end result of gingivitis; pockets form between teeth and gums in ging. that
expose the root; plaque develops; halitosis
~Plaque biofilm and unchecked gingivitis; poor personal oral hygiene; smoking.
Oral Tumors - Answer- -Neoplasms, benign(noncancerous) or malignant(cancerous),
localized or invasive.
-S&S- begin as single, small pale lumps. Benign do not metastasize.
~Unknown cause
Malocclusion - Answer- -Specific angles of malposition and contact of the maxillary and
mandibular teeth, faulty bite
-S&S- protrusion/recession of the jaw; teeth turned/twisted out of position because of
crowding
~Characteristics inherited from parents; early loss of primary teeth or oral habits
(thumb/finger sucking)
, Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Syndrome - Answer- -Symptom complex related to
inflammation, disease, or dysfunction of temporomandibular joint
-S&S- clicking sounds during chewing; severe pain/aching beind ears and jaw joints,
headache, dizziness
~Bruxism (grinding of teeth); malocclusion; habitual gum chewing
Tooth Abscesses - Answer- -Pus-filled sac in the tissue surrounding the base of the root
-S&S- persistent aches/throbs; glands in neck and face become swollen/tender; fever
~Forms when a tooth is decayed/dying or when the tooth structure loss exposes the
dental nerve to mouth bacteria
Mouth Ulcers (Canker Sores) - Answer- -Lesion on the mucous membrane, exposing
underlying sensitive tissue
-S&S- aphthous: occur during stress/illness; traumatic: from injury (hot food burn, rough
denture)
~No viral cause known. Acute ulcerations- viral and bacterial infections, mechanical
trauma, stress, or illness
Herpes Simplex (Cold Sores) - Answer- -Contagious recurrent viral infection affecting
skin and mucous membranes
-S&S- on lips and inside the mouth; tingling and numbness around the mouth precede
the appearance (prodrome- initial stage of disease before onset of actual symptoms)
~Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1); recurrent because virus can lie dormant
Thrush - Answer- -Candidiasis of the oral mucosa (mouth, tongue, palate, and gums)
-S&S- burning sensation in the mouth; painful when rubbed; light bleeding might occur;
sore slightly raised pale yellow patches in the mouth and sometimes the throat
~The fungus Candida albicans; can multiply out of control; prolonged treatment of
antibiotics; cancer chemotherapy; diabetes
Necrotizing Periodontal Disease - Answer- -Infection affecting the gums and the
anchoring structure of the teeth
-S&S- primary symptom: painful, red, swollen gums with ulcers that bleed; gray gums in
areas of decomposing tissue; metallic taste
~anaerobic opportunistic bacteria; results from poor oral hygiene and bacterial infection
secondary to gingivitis; stress; poor nutrition; smoking
Oral Leukoplakia - Answer- -Leukoplakia or white plaque is a thickening and hardening
of a part of the mucous membrane in the mouth
-S&S- can vary in size; mucous membrane become rough, hard, and whitish gray,
sensitive to hot or highly seasoned foods
~Chronic irritation e.g friction caused by habitual cheek biting, rough teeth that rubs an
area raw; reaction to heat from tobacco smoke
