BIOS 255 EXAM PREP VERIFIED
Anatomy & Physiology
COMPLETED
2023
1. What are the three types of muscle tissue and where are they found in the body?
- **Skeletal muscle** is attached to bones and responsible for voluntary movements.
- **Cardiac muscle** is found in the heart and pumps blood throughout the body.
- **Smooth muscle** is found in the walls of hollow organs such as blood vessels, digestive tract, urinary
bladder, etc. and controls involuntary movements.
2. What are the four main types of tissue in the human body and what are their functions?
- **Epithelial tissue** covers the body surfaces, lines the cavities and ducts, and forms glands. It functions in
protection, secretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation.
- **Connective tissue** supports and binds other tissues, provides structural framework, stores energy,
transports fluids and dissolved substances, and protects against infection. It includes various types such
as bone, cartilage, adipose, blood, etc.
- **Muscular tissue** contracts and produces force and movement. It includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
muscle tissues.
- **Nervous tissue** consists of neurons and neuroglia. It functions in transmitting and processing
information, coordinating body activities, and regulating homeostasis.
, 3. What are the two main divisions of the nervous system and what are their components?
- **Central nervous system (CNS)** consists of the brain and spinal cord. It processes sensory input,
generates motor output, and performs higher cognitive functions such as learning, memory, reasoning,
etc.
- **Peripheral nervous system (PNS)** consists of the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia. It connects
the CNS to the rest of the body and carries sensory information from receptors to the CNS and motor
commands from the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands.
4. What are the three layers of the heart wall and what are their characteristics?
- **Epicardium** is the outermost layer of the heart wall. It is composed of a thin layer of connective tissue
and a layer of mesothelium (a type of epithelium). It also forms part of the pericardium (the sac that
surrounds the heart).
- **Myocardium** is the middle layer of the heart wall. It is composed of cardiac muscle tissue that
contracts to pump blood. It is the thickest layer of the heart wall.
- **Endocardium** is the innermost layer of the heart wall. It is composed of a thin layer of connective
tissue and a layer of endothelium (a type of epithelium). It lines the chambers and valves of the heart and
prevents blood from clotting.
5. What are the four main types of blood vessels and what are their functions?
- **Arteries** carry blood away from the heart to other organs and tissues. They have thick walls that can
withstand high pressure and elastic fibers that allow them to expand and recoil.
- **Arterioles** are small branches of arteries that regulate blood flow into capillaries. They have smooth
muscle fibers that can constrict or dilate to control blood pressure and distribution.
- **Capillaries** are microscopic vessels that connect arterioles and venules. They have thin walls that allow
exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc. between blood and interstitial fluid.
- **Veins** carry blood back to the heart from other organs and tissues. They have thin walls that can
collapse under low pressure and valves that prevent backflow of blood.
6. What are the three main functions of the respiratory system?
- **Pulmonary ventilation** is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs by changing the volume and
pressure in the thoracic cavity.
- **External respiration** is the process of exchanging gases between air in the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs
and blood in pulmonary capillaries.
- **Internal respiration** is the process of exchanging gases between blood in systemic capillaries and cells
in tissues.
Anatomy & Physiology
COMPLETED
2023
1. What are the three types of muscle tissue and where are they found in the body?
- **Skeletal muscle** is attached to bones and responsible for voluntary movements.
- **Cardiac muscle** is found in the heart and pumps blood throughout the body.
- **Smooth muscle** is found in the walls of hollow organs such as blood vessels, digestive tract, urinary
bladder, etc. and controls involuntary movements.
2. What are the four main types of tissue in the human body and what are their functions?
- **Epithelial tissue** covers the body surfaces, lines the cavities and ducts, and forms glands. It functions in
protection, secretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation.
- **Connective tissue** supports and binds other tissues, provides structural framework, stores energy,
transports fluids and dissolved substances, and protects against infection. It includes various types such
as bone, cartilage, adipose, blood, etc.
- **Muscular tissue** contracts and produces force and movement. It includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
muscle tissues.
- **Nervous tissue** consists of neurons and neuroglia. It functions in transmitting and processing
information, coordinating body activities, and regulating homeostasis.
, 3. What are the two main divisions of the nervous system and what are their components?
- **Central nervous system (CNS)** consists of the brain and spinal cord. It processes sensory input,
generates motor output, and performs higher cognitive functions such as learning, memory, reasoning,
etc.
- **Peripheral nervous system (PNS)** consists of the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia. It connects
the CNS to the rest of the body and carries sensory information from receptors to the CNS and motor
commands from the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands.
4. What are the three layers of the heart wall and what are their characteristics?
- **Epicardium** is the outermost layer of the heart wall. It is composed of a thin layer of connective tissue
and a layer of mesothelium (a type of epithelium). It also forms part of the pericardium (the sac that
surrounds the heart).
- **Myocardium** is the middle layer of the heart wall. It is composed of cardiac muscle tissue that
contracts to pump blood. It is the thickest layer of the heart wall.
- **Endocardium** is the innermost layer of the heart wall. It is composed of a thin layer of connective
tissue and a layer of endothelium (a type of epithelium). It lines the chambers and valves of the heart and
prevents blood from clotting.
5. What are the four main types of blood vessels and what are their functions?
- **Arteries** carry blood away from the heart to other organs and tissues. They have thick walls that can
withstand high pressure and elastic fibers that allow them to expand and recoil.
- **Arterioles** are small branches of arteries that regulate blood flow into capillaries. They have smooth
muscle fibers that can constrict or dilate to control blood pressure and distribution.
- **Capillaries** are microscopic vessels that connect arterioles and venules. They have thin walls that allow
exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc. between blood and interstitial fluid.
- **Veins** carry blood back to the heart from other organs and tissues. They have thin walls that can
collapse under low pressure and valves that prevent backflow of blood.
6. What are the three main functions of the respiratory system?
- **Pulmonary ventilation** is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs by changing the volume and
pressure in the thoracic cavity.
- **External respiration** is the process of exchanging gases between air in the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs
and blood in pulmonary capillaries.
- **Internal respiration** is the process of exchanging gases between blood in systemic capillaries and cells
in tissues.
