NR 283 EXAM PREP
VERIFIED
Pathophysiology
COMPLETED
2023/2024
,1. What is the difference between pathogenesis and etiology? Provide an example of each.
- Pathogenesis is the mechanism or process by which a disease develops, while etiology is the cause
or origin of a disease. For example, the pathogenesis of tuberculosis is the invasion and multiplication
of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs, while the etiology of tuberculosis is exposure to the
bacterium through inhalation or contact.
2. What are the four main types of cellular adaptation? Explain how each one helps cells cope with
stress or injury.
- The four main types of cellular adaptation are hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia.
Hypertrophy is the increase in cell size, which helps cells increase their functional capacity.
Hyperplasia is the increase in cell number, which helps cells compensate for tissue loss or increased
demand. Atrophy is the decrease in cell size or number, which helps cells reduce their metabolic
activity and conserve energy. Metaplasia is the change in cell type, which helps cells adapt to a
different environment or stimulus.
3. What are the three main types of necrosis? Describe the morphological and clinical features of
each one.
- The three main types of necrosis are coagulative, liquefactive, and caseous. Coagulative necrosis is
characterized by the preservation of cell shape and structure, but loss of cell function and viability. It
is usually caused by ischemia or infarction, and it affects organs such as the heart, kidney, and liver.
Liquefactive necrosis is characterized by the dissolution of cell structure and formation of a liquid
mass. It is usually caused by bacterial or fungal infection, and it affects organs such as the brain and
lung. Caseous necrosis is characterized by the formation of a cheese-like material composed of
fragmented cells and debris. It is usually caused by tuberculosis or fungal infection, and it affects
organs such as the lung and lymph nodes.
4. What are the two main types of inflammation? Compare and contrast their causes, signs,
symptoms, and outcomes.
- The two main types of inflammation are acute and chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term
response to tissue injury or infection, which aims to eliminate the cause and restore normal function.
It is caused by various stimuli such as microbes, toxins, physical agents, or tissue damage. It is
characterized by five cardinal signs: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. It may result
in resolution, repair, or abscess formation. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response to persistent
or recurrent stimuli that cannot be eliminated, which leads to tissue damage and fibrosis. It is caused
by various factors such as persistent infection, autoimmune disorders, foreign bodies, or cancer. It is
characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells (such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma
cells), tissue destruction, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. It may result in granuloma formation, scarring,
or organ dysfunction.
, 5. What are the four phases of wound healing? Explain what happens in each phase and what factors
may affect the process.
- The four phases of wound healing are hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
Hemostasis is the immediate response to tissue injury that involves vasoconstriction, platelet
aggregation, and clot formation to stop bleeding. Inflammation is the phase that lasts for several days
and involves vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte migration, phagocytosis,
and cytokine release to clear debris and fight infection. Proliferation is the phase that lasts for
several weeks and involves fibroblast proliferation,
collagen synthesis,
angiogenesis,
epithelialization,
and granulation tissue formation to fill and cover the wound. Remodeling
is the phase that lasts for several months or years
and involves collagen remodeling,
scar maturation,
and wound contraction
to strengthen
and reshape
the wound.
Some factors that may affect wound healing are age,
nutrition,
infection,
diabetes,
steroids,
smoking,
and wound location
and size.
6. What are the three main types of shock? Compare and contrast their pathophysiology
and clinical manifestations.
- The three main types of shock are hypovolemic,
cardiogenic,
and septic.
Hypovolemic shock
is caused by a loss of blood
or fluid volume
due to hemorrhage,
dehydration,
or burns.
It results in decreased venous return,
cardiac output,
and tissue perfusion.
It manifests as hypotension,
tachycardia,
weak pulse,
cool clammy skin,
VERIFIED
Pathophysiology
COMPLETED
2023/2024
,1. What is the difference between pathogenesis and etiology? Provide an example of each.
- Pathogenesis is the mechanism or process by which a disease develops, while etiology is the cause
or origin of a disease. For example, the pathogenesis of tuberculosis is the invasion and multiplication
of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs, while the etiology of tuberculosis is exposure to the
bacterium through inhalation or contact.
2. What are the four main types of cellular adaptation? Explain how each one helps cells cope with
stress or injury.
- The four main types of cellular adaptation are hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia.
Hypertrophy is the increase in cell size, which helps cells increase their functional capacity.
Hyperplasia is the increase in cell number, which helps cells compensate for tissue loss or increased
demand. Atrophy is the decrease in cell size or number, which helps cells reduce their metabolic
activity and conserve energy. Metaplasia is the change in cell type, which helps cells adapt to a
different environment or stimulus.
3. What are the three main types of necrosis? Describe the morphological and clinical features of
each one.
- The three main types of necrosis are coagulative, liquefactive, and caseous. Coagulative necrosis is
characterized by the preservation of cell shape and structure, but loss of cell function and viability. It
is usually caused by ischemia or infarction, and it affects organs such as the heart, kidney, and liver.
Liquefactive necrosis is characterized by the dissolution of cell structure and formation of a liquid
mass. It is usually caused by bacterial or fungal infection, and it affects organs such as the brain and
lung. Caseous necrosis is characterized by the formation of a cheese-like material composed of
fragmented cells and debris. It is usually caused by tuberculosis or fungal infection, and it affects
organs such as the lung and lymph nodes.
4. What are the two main types of inflammation? Compare and contrast their causes, signs,
symptoms, and outcomes.
- The two main types of inflammation are acute and chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term
response to tissue injury or infection, which aims to eliminate the cause and restore normal function.
It is caused by various stimuli such as microbes, toxins, physical agents, or tissue damage. It is
characterized by five cardinal signs: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. It may result
in resolution, repair, or abscess formation. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response to persistent
or recurrent stimuli that cannot be eliminated, which leads to tissue damage and fibrosis. It is caused
by various factors such as persistent infection, autoimmune disorders, foreign bodies, or cancer. It is
characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells (such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma
cells), tissue destruction, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. It may result in granuloma formation, scarring,
or organ dysfunction.
, 5. What are the four phases of wound healing? Explain what happens in each phase and what factors
may affect the process.
- The four phases of wound healing are hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
Hemostasis is the immediate response to tissue injury that involves vasoconstriction, platelet
aggregation, and clot formation to stop bleeding. Inflammation is the phase that lasts for several days
and involves vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte migration, phagocytosis,
and cytokine release to clear debris and fight infection. Proliferation is the phase that lasts for
several weeks and involves fibroblast proliferation,
collagen synthesis,
angiogenesis,
epithelialization,
and granulation tissue formation to fill and cover the wound. Remodeling
is the phase that lasts for several months or years
and involves collagen remodeling,
scar maturation,
and wound contraction
to strengthen
and reshape
the wound.
Some factors that may affect wound healing are age,
nutrition,
infection,
diabetes,
steroids,
smoking,
and wound location
and size.
6. What are the three main types of shock? Compare and contrast their pathophysiology
and clinical manifestations.
- The three main types of shock are hypovolemic,
cardiogenic,
and septic.
Hypovolemic shock
is caused by a loss of blood
or fluid volume
due to hemorrhage,
dehydration,
or burns.
It results in decreased venous return,
cardiac output,
and tissue perfusion.
It manifests as hypotension,
tachycardia,
weak pulse,
cool clammy skin,
