NR 293 EXAM PREP
VERIFIED
Pharmacology
COMPLETED
2023
, 1. What is the mechanism of action of heparin? How is it different from warfarin?
- Heparin is an anticoagulant that inhibits the formation of thrombin and fibrin, which are
essential for blood clotting. Warfarin is also an anticoagulant, but it works by inhibiting the synthesis
of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver.
2. What are the adverse effects of digoxin? How can they be prevented or treated?
- Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that increases the contractility and efficiency of the heart.
However, it can also cause arrhythmias, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, confusion, and visual
disturbances. To prevent or treat these effects, the dose of digoxin should be adjusted according to
the serum level, renal function, and clinical response of the patient. The patient should also be
monitored for signs of toxicity and electrolyte imbalance, especially hypokalemia, which can
increase the risk of digoxin toxicity.
3. What are the indications and contraindications of aspirin? What are some interactions that should
be avoided when taking aspirin?
- Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has analgesic, antipyretic, anti-
inflammatory, and antiplatelet effects. It is indicated for mild to moderate pain, fever,
inflammation, and prevention of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. It is
contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to aspirin or other NSAIDs, peptic ulcer disease,
bleeding disorders, asthma, or pregnancy. Some interactions that should be avoided when taking
aspirin include other NSAIDs, anticoagulants, corticosteroids, alcohol, and angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
4. What are the types and examples of diuretics? What are their main effects and side effects?
- Diuretics are drugs that increase the excretion of water and electrolytes by the kidneys. There
are four main types of diuretics: thiazides (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide), loop diuretics (e.g.,
furosemide), potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., spironolactone), and osmotic diuretics (e.g.,
mannitol). Their main effects are to reduce blood pressure, edema, and intracranial or intraocular
pressure. Their side effects include dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, hypotension, ototoxicity,
hyperglycemia, and gout.
VERIFIED
Pharmacology
COMPLETED
2023
, 1. What is the mechanism of action of heparin? How is it different from warfarin?
- Heparin is an anticoagulant that inhibits the formation of thrombin and fibrin, which are
essential for blood clotting. Warfarin is also an anticoagulant, but it works by inhibiting the synthesis
of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver.
2. What are the adverse effects of digoxin? How can they be prevented or treated?
- Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that increases the contractility and efficiency of the heart.
However, it can also cause arrhythmias, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, confusion, and visual
disturbances. To prevent or treat these effects, the dose of digoxin should be adjusted according to
the serum level, renal function, and clinical response of the patient. The patient should also be
monitored for signs of toxicity and electrolyte imbalance, especially hypokalemia, which can
increase the risk of digoxin toxicity.
3. What are the indications and contraindications of aspirin? What are some interactions that should
be avoided when taking aspirin?
- Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has analgesic, antipyretic, anti-
inflammatory, and antiplatelet effects. It is indicated for mild to moderate pain, fever,
inflammation, and prevention of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. It is
contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to aspirin or other NSAIDs, peptic ulcer disease,
bleeding disorders, asthma, or pregnancy. Some interactions that should be avoided when taking
aspirin include other NSAIDs, anticoagulants, corticosteroids, alcohol, and angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
4. What are the types and examples of diuretics? What are their main effects and side effects?
- Diuretics are drugs that increase the excretion of water and electrolytes by the kidneys. There
are four main types of diuretics: thiazides (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide), loop diuretics (e.g.,
furosemide), potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., spironolactone), and osmotic diuretics (e.g.,
mannitol). Their main effects are to reduce blood pressure, edema, and intracranial or intraocular
pressure. Their side effects include dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, hypotension, ototoxicity,
hyperglycemia, and gout.
