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General Course Information
MODULE FOR ANALYSIS OF PHYSICO
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER
Course Description
Course Learning Outcomes: On successful completion of this course students will be
able to:
1 Explain basic water chemistry
2 Identify the parameters that are involved in characterizing the drinking water
safe or unsafe
3 Recognize the difference between physical and chemical parameters
4 Explain the importance of water quality tests and the use of different
instruments for water quality tests in laboratory and on site testing.
5 Perform water quality testing in laboratory and on-site Learning resources
Learning and teaching activities: Students will be engaged in the diploma course by
giving lectures, laboratory demonstration and field visits.
Assessment:
• Assessment must encourage and reinforce learning.
• Assessment must enable robust and fair judgments about student performance.
• Assessment practices must be fair and equitable to students and give them the
opportunity to demonstrate what they have learned.
• Assessment must maintain academic standards.
Assessment Summary: Assessment will be purely done on the best analytical
capabilities of student like working on the instrument, calibration, preparation of
standards, reporting of result etc.
i
,Student feedback: Feedback will be sought from students in a variety of ways including
on-going engagement with staff, the use of group discussion and the use of Student
Experience of Learning and Teaching.
ii
,Table of Contents
Section A: Physical Parameters .................................................................................. 1
1 Electrical Conductivity.......................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 How does temperature affect electrical conductivity? ................................... 1
1.1.2 Why is it important to evaluate conductivity? ................................................ 2
1.1.3 Permissible limits of Electrical Conductivity .................................................. 2
1.2 Standard Operating procedure for analysis of Electrical conductivity ................... 2
1.2.1 Testing Method ............................................................................................. 2
1.2.2 Testing Instrument ........................................................................................ 2
1.2.3 Principle of Measurement ............................................................................. 3
1.2.4 Preparation for EC Testing ........................................................................... 3
1.2.5 Required Chemical and Reagents ................................................................ 3
1.2.6 Equipment & Glassware ............................................................................... 3
1.2.7 Preparation of Standards .............................................................................. 3
1.3 Calibration Procedure ........................................................................................... 3
1.4 Testing .................................................................................................................. 4
1.5 Expression of Results ........................................................................................... 4
1.5.1 Interpretation of Results ............................................................................... 4
1.6 Checklist for testing of EC .................................................................................... 4
1.7 Planned Demonstration ........................................................................................ 4
1.8 Class Exercises .................................................................................................... 5
1.9 Group project ........................................................................................................ 5
2 TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) ............................................................................... 6
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 TDS source in water ..................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Effects of TDS .............................................................................................. 6
2.1.3 Ways to reduce TDS in water ....................................................................... 7
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, 2.1.4 Permissible limits of TDS .............................................................................. 7
2.2 Standard operating procedure for analysis of TDS ............................................... 7
2.3 TDS measurement ............................................................................................... 7
2.4 Quality Control ...................................................................................................... 8
2.5 Expression of Results ........................................................................................... 8
2.5.1 Interpretation of Results ............................................................................... 8
2.6 Precautions........................................................................................................... 8
2.7 Checklist for testing of TDS .................................................................................. 8
2.8 Planned Demonstration ........................................................................................ 9
2.9 Class Exercises .................................................................................................... 9
2.10 Group project ........................................................................................................ 9
3 pH ......................................................................................................................... 10
3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 10
3.1.1 Importance of pH ........................................................................................ 11
3.1.2 Effect of pH on human body ....................................................................... 11
3.1.3 Permissible limits of pH .............................................................................. 11
3.2 Standard Operating Procedure for Analysis of pH .............................................. 11
3.2.1 Testing Method ........................................................................................... 11
3.2.2 Principle of Measurement ........................................................................... 11
3.2.3 Interference ................................................................................................ 12
3.2.4 Testing Instrument ...................................................................................... 12
3.3 Standards and Reagents .................................................................................... 12
3.3.1 Preparation of Buffer pH 4 .......................................................................... 12
3.3.2 Preparation of Buffer pH 7 .......................................................................... 12
3.3.3 Preparation of Buffer pH 10 ........................................................................ 12
3.4 Sample handling preservation ............................................................................ 13
3.5 Calibration Procedure of pH Meter ..................................................................... 13
3.6 Testing ................................................................................................................ 13
iv
General Course Information
MODULE FOR ANALYSIS OF PHYSICO
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER
Course Description
Course Learning Outcomes: On successful completion of this course students will be
able to:
1 Explain basic water chemistry
2 Identify the parameters that are involved in characterizing the drinking water
safe or unsafe
3 Recognize the difference between physical and chemical parameters
4 Explain the importance of water quality tests and the use of different
instruments for water quality tests in laboratory and on site testing.
5 Perform water quality testing in laboratory and on-site Learning resources
Learning and teaching activities: Students will be engaged in the diploma course by
giving lectures, laboratory demonstration and field visits.
Assessment:
• Assessment must encourage and reinforce learning.
• Assessment must enable robust and fair judgments about student performance.
• Assessment practices must be fair and equitable to students and give them the
opportunity to demonstrate what they have learned.
• Assessment must maintain academic standards.
Assessment Summary: Assessment will be purely done on the best analytical
capabilities of student like working on the instrument, calibration, preparation of
standards, reporting of result etc.
i
,Student feedback: Feedback will be sought from students in a variety of ways including
on-going engagement with staff, the use of group discussion and the use of Student
Experience of Learning and Teaching.
ii
,Table of Contents
Section A: Physical Parameters .................................................................................. 1
1 Electrical Conductivity.......................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 How does temperature affect electrical conductivity? ................................... 1
1.1.2 Why is it important to evaluate conductivity? ................................................ 2
1.1.3 Permissible limits of Electrical Conductivity .................................................. 2
1.2 Standard Operating procedure for analysis of Electrical conductivity ................... 2
1.2.1 Testing Method ............................................................................................. 2
1.2.2 Testing Instrument ........................................................................................ 2
1.2.3 Principle of Measurement ............................................................................. 3
1.2.4 Preparation for EC Testing ........................................................................... 3
1.2.5 Required Chemical and Reagents ................................................................ 3
1.2.6 Equipment & Glassware ............................................................................... 3
1.2.7 Preparation of Standards .............................................................................. 3
1.3 Calibration Procedure ........................................................................................... 3
1.4 Testing .................................................................................................................. 4
1.5 Expression of Results ........................................................................................... 4
1.5.1 Interpretation of Results ............................................................................... 4
1.6 Checklist for testing of EC .................................................................................... 4
1.7 Planned Demonstration ........................................................................................ 4
1.8 Class Exercises .................................................................................................... 5
1.9 Group project ........................................................................................................ 5
2 TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) ............................................................................... 6
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 TDS source in water ..................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Effects of TDS .............................................................................................. 6
2.1.3 Ways to reduce TDS in water ....................................................................... 7
iii
, 2.1.4 Permissible limits of TDS .............................................................................. 7
2.2 Standard operating procedure for analysis of TDS ............................................... 7
2.3 TDS measurement ............................................................................................... 7
2.4 Quality Control ...................................................................................................... 8
2.5 Expression of Results ........................................................................................... 8
2.5.1 Interpretation of Results ............................................................................... 8
2.6 Precautions........................................................................................................... 8
2.7 Checklist for testing of TDS .................................................................................. 8
2.8 Planned Demonstration ........................................................................................ 9
2.9 Class Exercises .................................................................................................... 9
2.10 Group project ........................................................................................................ 9
3 pH ......................................................................................................................... 10
3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 10
3.1.1 Importance of pH ........................................................................................ 11
3.1.2 Effect of pH on human body ....................................................................... 11
3.1.3 Permissible limits of pH .............................................................................. 11
3.2 Standard Operating Procedure for Analysis of pH .............................................. 11
3.2.1 Testing Method ........................................................................................... 11
3.2.2 Principle of Measurement ........................................................................... 11
3.2.3 Interference ................................................................................................ 12
3.2.4 Testing Instrument ...................................................................................... 12
3.3 Standards and Reagents .................................................................................... 12
3.3.1 Preparation of Buffer pH 4 .......................................................................... 12
3.3.2 Preparation of Buffer pH 7 .......................................................................... 12
3.3.3 Preparation of Buffer pH 10 ........................................................................ 12
3.4 Sample handling preservation ............................................................................ 13
3.5 Calibration Procedure of pH Meter ..................................................................... 13
3.6 Testing ................................................................................................................ 13
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