USMLE Microbiology c
tanspeptidase - ANSWER*catalyzes formation of cross-linked between peptide side
chains of sugar backbone of peptidoglycan*
lipotechoic acid induces ___ and is unique to what sort of bacteria? - ANSWER*TNF*
*IL-1*
G+
G- outer membrane - ANSWERsite of endotoxin (LPS) and major surface antigens
*O polysacharride = antigenic*
*Lipid A - toxic : induces TNF, IL-1*
what type of bacteria have a *periplasm and porins?* - ANSWERG-
contains many hydrolytic enzymes such as beta-lactamases
pilus/fimbria chemical composition - ANSWERglycoprotein
bacterial spore structure - ANSWERkeratin-like coat
dipicolinic acid
peptidoglycan
(resistant to heat, pH, dehydration)
bacterial capsule structure and function - ANSWER*organized, discrete polysaccharide
layer* (except bacillus *anthracis: D-glutamate in it)*
protection against phagocytosis
glycocalyx structure and function - ANSWERloose polysaccharide network
adherence to surfaces, esp. foreign (e.g. indwelling catheters)
porins are unique to what sort of bacteria? - ANSWER*G-*
ex of bacteria with no cell wall - ANSWERmycoplasma
ureaplasma
(contain sterols; do not Gram stain)
,examples of G+ cocci - ANSWERStaphylococcus
Streptococcus
examples of G- cocci - ANSWERNeisseria
Motaxella catarrhalis
examples of G+ bacilli - ANSWERBacillus
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Gardnerella (gram variable)
Lactobacillus
Listeria
Mycobacterium (acid fast)
Propionibacterium
examples of G- bacilli
enterics - ANSWERBacteroides
Campylobacter
Escheria coli
Enterobacter
Heliobacter
Klebisella
Proteus
Pseudomonas
Salmonella
Serratia
Shigella
Vibrio
Yersinia
examples of G- bacilli
respiratory - ANSWER*Bordetella*
*Haemophilus (pleiomorphic)*
*Legionella (silver strain)*
examples of G - bacilli
zoonotic - ANSWERBartonella
Brucella
Francisella
Pasteurella
examples of G+ branching filamentous bacteria - ANSWER*Actinomyces*
*Nocardia (weakly acid fast)* similar to micobacterium tuberculosis
examples of pleiotropic G- - ANSWER*Chlamydiae (Giemsa)*
*Rickettsiae (Giemsa)*
,Rick and chlam goes to gym (symsa) with Bo
examples of G- spirochettes - ANSWER*Borellia (Giemsa)*
Leptospira
Treponema
bacteria that do not Gram stain well - ANSWER"These Microbes May Lack Real Color"
Treponema (too thin--->dark field microscopy; fluorescent antibody staining)
Mycobacteria (high lipid content; use acid fast)
Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
Legionella pneumophila (intracellular; silver stain)
Rickettsia (intracellular parasite)
Chlamydia (intracellular pirate; lacks classic peptidoglycan/low muramic acid)
Giemsa stain microbes - ANSWER"Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience"
*Chlamydia*
*Borrelia*
*Rickettsia*
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain - ANSWERstains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides
Whipple disease diagnosis (tropheryma whipples)
*"PASs the sugar"*
Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuschin) stain - ANSWERfor acid-fast:
Nocardia (bact)
Mycobacteria (bact)
Crytosporidium oocysts (protist)
acid-fast stain alternative - ANSWERauramine-rhodamine
inexpensive
more sensitive but less specific
India ink stain - ANSWER*Cryptococcus neoformans*
mucicarmine = alternative; stains thick polysaccharide capsule red
Silver stain - ANSWERfungi (e.g. Pneumocystis)
*Legionella*
*Helicobacter pylori*
*take the legion in a helicopter with their silver shield*
H. influenzae culture req. - ANSWER*isolation: chocolate agar*
Factor V (NAD+)
Factor X (hematin)
, N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitis culture req. - ANSWERisolation: Thayer-Martin Agar
Vacomycin: inhibits G+
Trimethoprim
Colistin (inhibit G- except Neisseria)
Nystatin (inhiit fungi)
"Very Typically Cultures Neisseria"
B. pertussis culture req. - ANSWERisolation: Bordet-Gengou agar (Bordet for
Bordatella)
potato
isolation: Regan-Lowe medium
charcoal, blood, antibiotic
C. diptheriae culture req. - ANSWER*isolation: Tellurite agar, Loffler medium*
M. tuberculosis culture req. - ANSWER*isolation: Lowenstein-Jenesn agar*- lowentein-
jensen m-tuberculosis
M. pneumoniae culture req. - ANSWERisolation: Eaton agar
req. cholesterol
Lactose-fermenting enterics culture req. - ANSWER*isolation: MacConkey agar*
acid production turns colonies pink
E. coli culture req. - ANSWERisolation: eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar
green colonies w/ metallic sheen
Legionella culture req. - ANSWERisolation: charcoal yeast extract agar buffered w/
cysteine and iron
Fungi culture req. - ANSWERisolation: sabourated sugar
*"Sab's a fun guy"*
aerobic microbes mnemonic - ANSWER*"Nagging Pests Must Breathe"*
Nocardia- in asteroid- must brethe with oxygen tank*
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
MycoBacterium tuberculosis
reactivation of M. tuberculosis after immunocompromise or TNF-alpha use occurs
where? - ANSWERapex of lung
highest oxygen
anaerobes mnemonic - ANSWER"Can't Breathe Air"
*ABC*
Clostridium
tanspeptidase - ANSWER*catalyzes formation of cross-linked between peptide side
chains of sugar backbone of peptidoglycan*
lipotechoic acid induces ___ and is unique to what sort of bacteria? - ANSWER*TNF*
*IL-1*
G+
G- outer membrane - ANSWERsite of endotoxin (LPS) and major surface antigens
*O polysacharride = antigenic*
*Lipid A - toxic : induces TNF, IL-1*
what type of bacteria have a *periplasm and porins?* - ANSWERG-
contains many hydrolytic enzymes such as beta-lactamases
pilus/fimbria chemical composition - ANSWERglycoprotein
bacterial spore structure - ANSWERkeratin-like coat
dipicolinic acid
peptidoglycan
(resistant to heat, pH, dehydration)
bacterial capsule structure and function - ANSWER*organized, discrete polysaccharide
layer* (except bacillus *anthracis: D-glutamate in it)*
protection against phagocytosis
glycocalyx structure and function - ANSWERloose polysaccharide network
adherence to surfaces, esp. foreign (e.g. indwelling catheters)
porins are unique to what sort of bacteria? - ANSWER*G-*
ex of bacteria with no cell wall - ANSWERmycoplasma
ureaplasma
(contain sterols; do not Gram stain)
,examples of G+ cocci - ANSWERStaphylococcus
Streptococcus
examples of G- cocci - ANSWERNeisseria
Motaxella catarrhalis
examples of G+ bacilli - ANSWERBacillus
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Gardnerella (gram variable)
Lactobacillus
Listeria
Mycobacterium (acid fast)
Propionibacterium
examples of G- bacilli
enterics - ANSWERBacteroides
Campylobacter
Escheria coli
Enterobacter
Heliobacter
Klebisella
Proteus
Pseudomonas
Salmonella
Serratia
Shigella
Vibrio
Yersinia
examples of G- bacilli
respiratory - ANSWER*Bordetella*
*Haemophilus (pleiomorphic)*
*Legionella (silver strain)*
examples of G - bacilli
zoonotic - ANSWERBartonella
Brucella
Francisella
Pasteurella
examples of G+ branching filamentous bacteria - ANSWER*Actinomyces*
*Nocardia (weakly acid fast)* similar to micobacterium tuberculosis
examples of pleiotropic G- - ANSWER*Chlamydiae (Giemsa)*
*Rickettsiae (Giemsa)*
,Rick and chlam goes to gym (symsa) with Bo
examples of G- spirochettes - ANSWER*Borellia (Giemsa)*
Leptospira
Treponema
bacteria that do not Gram stain well - ANSWER"These Microbes May Lack Real Color"
Treponema (too thin--->dark field microscopy; fluorescent antibody staining)
Mycobacteria (high lipid content; use acid fast)
Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
Legionella pneumophila (intracellular; silver stain)
Rickettsia (intracellular parasite)
Chlamydia (intracellular pirate; lacks classic peptidoglycan/low muramic acid)
Giemsa stain microbes - ANSWER"Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience"
*Chlamydia*
*Borrelia*
*Rickettsia*
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain - ANSWERstains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides
Whipple disease diagnosis (tropheryma whipples)
*"PASs the sugar"*
Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuschin) stain - ANSWERfor acid-fast:
Nocardia (bact)
Mycobacteria (bact)
Crytosporidium oocysts (protist)
acid-fast stain alternative - ANSWERauramine-rhodamine
inexpensive
more sensitive but less specific
India ink stain - ANSWER*Cryptococcus neoformans*
mucicarmine = alternative; stains thick polysaccharide capsule red
Silver stain - ANSWERfungi (e.g. Pneumocystis)
*Legionella*
*Helicobacter pylori*
*take the legion in a helicopter with their silver shield*
H. influenzae culture req. - ANSWER*isolation: chocolate agar*
Factor V (NAD+)
Factor X (hematin)
, N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitis culture req. - ANSWERisolation: Thayer-Martin Agar
Vacomycin: inhibits G+
Trimethoprim
Colistin (inhibit G- except Neisseria)
Nystatin (inhiit fungi)
"Very Typically Cultures Neisseria"
B. pertussis culture req. - ANSWERisolation: Bordet-Gengou agar (Bordet for
Bordatella)
potato
isolation: Regan-Lowe medium
charcoal, blood, antibiotic
C. diptheriae culture req. - ANSWER*isolation: Tellurite agar, Loffler medium*
M. tuberculosis culture req. - ANSWER*isolation: Lowenstein-Jenesn agar*- lowentein-
jensen m-tuberculosis
M. pneumoniae culture req. - ANSWERisolation: Eaton agar
req. cholesterol
Lactose-fermenting enterics culture req. - ANSWER*isolation: MacConkey agar*
acid production turns colonies pink
E. coli culture req. - ANSWERisolation: eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar
green colonies w/ metallic sheen
Legionella culture req. - ANSWERisolation: charcoal yeast extract agar buffered w/
cysteine and iron
Fungi culture req. - ANSWERisolation: sabourated sugar
*"Sab's a fun guy"*
aerobic microbes mnemonic - ANSWER*"Nagging Pests Must Breathe"*
Nocardia- in asteroid- must brethe with oxygen tank*
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
MycoBacterium tuberculosis
reactivation of M. tuberculosis after immunocompromise or TNF-alpha use occurs
where? - ANSWERapex of lung
highest oxygen
anaerobes mnemonic - ANSWER"Can't Breathe Air"
*ABC*
Clostridium
