NR 293 - Exam 1 question well explained, 2023/2024.

Pharmaceutics – answers the dosage form that determines the rate of drug dissolution Pharmacodynamics - answers- what the drug does to the body - Therapeutic effects Selective Enzyme Interaction – answers when the drug binds to an enzyme molecule and inhibits (blocks) or stimulates the enzyme action with the normal target cell Pharmacokinetics - answers- what the body does to the drug - Study of movement of drugs throughout the body Absorption – answers being absorbed or used by the tissues Fastest to Slowest Absorption Routes by Mouth - answers- Sublingual - Liquid Suspension - Capsule - Tablet - Enteric Coated Tablet - Extended Release Tablet First Pass Effect – answers oral doses of drugs are absorbed into the GI tract and metabolized by the liver, resulting in a reduced amount of bioavailability or active drug in the circulatory system. *Oral doses are generally higher to allow for this effect* Drugs that are effected by First Pass Effect - answers- Elixir - Tablets - Capsules *enteral drugs* What drugs aren't effected by First Pass Effect? - answers- IV - Sublingual - Transdermal Patch - Suppository *parenteral drugs* Half Life - answers- the time it takes for 1/2 of the drug dose to be eliminated from the body -drugs with a long half-life enables them to be taken less frequently EX: ibuprofen has a half-life of 2 hours, after 1 half-life 200 mg will turn into 100 mg Plasma - answers yellow fluid part of blood that holds the cells Interstitial Fluid - answers fluid within the cells Transcellular Fluid - answers part of extracellular fluid Areas of Fast Distribution - answers- Heart - Liver Areas of Slow Distribution - answers- Muscle - Fat - Skin Protein Binding Complications - answers if a person has a low protein, or albumin level, free drug will be circulating and can cause toxicity of the drug. EX: a person with normal albumin levels is prescribed more than one drug that is highly protein binding. The prescriber will likely decrease the dose of both drugs to avoid drug toxicity Normal Albumin Level - answers3.5-5.5 g/dL Metabolism - answers use and transformation of drugs so that they can be excreted from the body Where are most drugs metabolized/excreted? - Answers- Liver - Kidney Neonates/Infants: Drug Metabolism - answers have immature liver and kidneys causing them to have decreased or poor metabolism and excretion of drugs Cytochrome P-450 - answers when drugs are bio-transformed through an enzyme to form fat-soluble metabolites that are easy to eliminate Liver Failure: Drug Metabolism - answers have difficulty metabolizing certain drugs Fast/Slow Acetylators – answers genetic conditions that affect how the liver metabolizes drugs Excretion - answers drugs excreted through liver, kidneys (urine), hair, skin, breath, saliva, perspiration, feces, milk and bile Six Rights of Medication Administration - answers- Right Patient - Right Drug - Right Route - Right Dose