CMAN 380 Final Exam Actual Questions and Answers
Verified 100%
Definition of "Screening"
The process of using clinical tests and/or examinations to identify patients who require
additional health-related interventions
What is the goal of screening
Detect early
Who do you screen?
individuals who are at risk (ASYMPTOMATIC) for a certain condition
Is screening primary, secondary, or tertiary?
Secondary prevention
What are screening test recommendations based on?
Guidelines that come from research from the U.S Preventive Service Task Force
What is the purpose of a diagnostic test?
Establish the absence of presence of a disease (have it or not)
Diagnostic test are also called?
confirmatory test
Is a screening diagnostic?
NOT considered diagnostic test
-screen a subset of the population who may be at risk
-recommendations based on data
Does the US Preventive Services Task (USPSTF) fall under the HHS?
YES
What is the USPSTF screening recommendations?
-Based on the clinical research and evidence-based preventive care
-Recommendations are based of the grading of the research evidence
Grade of "A"
high certainty of benefit to test
Grade of "I"
no net benefit or potential harms outweigh the benefit
To measure the quality of a test its important to identify?
Sensitivity and Specificity
What do you look at when selecting screening tests?
the test is valid and reliable
Validity
is the screen distinguishing correctly:
1. Sensitivity
2. Specificity
Reliability
consistency of test results over time & between examiners
Sensitivity
,-Identifies correctly those WITH disease
-truly DO have the disease
-positive test result
High sensitivity screening test
detects most of the patients with the disease
Specificity
-Identifies correctly those W/O disease
-true negatives
False negative
test result that indicates a person does not have a disease or condition when the person
(actually) does have the illness
False positive
the patient does NOT have the disease, BUT the test is positive.
Sensitivity is prioritized when?
1. Disease is serious (want to identify as many true cases)
2. Treatment is effective and available (want to identify and treat as quickly as possible)
3. High risk of infectivity if individuals are not treated (want to minimize harm to others)
4. Subsequent test (next option) is cheap and low-risk
Specificity is often prioritized when?
1. Treatment is unpalatable (only want to treat those we are confident have the disease
and would benefit from the treatment)
2. Subsequent test is expensive and risky
A rapid flu screen has a sensitivity (50-70%). The result came back, and it is
negative. How would you explain the results to the patient and what would you
recommend?
"it is likely you have the flu"
-the other 30-50% will be a false negative
Achilles InSight test has a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 32%. How would
you interpret these results?
90% chance of having impaired bone density
Lead is?
soft blue-gray metal
What is the most common source of lead poisoning in children?
lead based paint and lead contaminated dust in older buildings
Where does lead present in?
-paint (homes built before 1978), leaded gasoline,
recycling operations,
ongoing or historic mining and smelting,
, commercial operations and,
lead contaminated consumer products (candy, toys, pottery, jewelry...etc.)
Most lead come from?
lead paint chips. they become part of the dust and soil in and around homes
Lead-based paint hazards occur in?
families living in low income housing with children under the age of 6 years
Main exposure of lead?
oral
-children most at risk due to hand mouth behaviors
2nd and 3rd hand smoke?
contributes to increase BLLs in children/adults
-3rd hand- surface residue
Occupational Lead Exposure (inhaled & ingested)
-battery manufacturing
-automobile brake repair
-companies that work with lead solder
-bridge maintenance and repair
-construction, renovation, rehabilitation
-pottery/ceramic
-radiator repair
-rubber products, plastics industries
-steel welding/cutting operations
Para-occupational exposure to lead (secondary exposure)
workers bring home lead contaminated on their skin, hair, clothes, shoes, tools
I PREPARE Screening
The I PREPARE environmental exposure history mnemonic is a quick reference tool
created for primary care providers to assess lead exposure risk.
(Investigate, Present work/protective clothing at home, residence, environment/water &
soil/industries, past work, activities/hobbies, resources/referrals, educate)
Who should be screened for lead?
-ALL children who live in Chicago (6 months through 6 years)
-Children eligible for Medicaid (due to poverty status)
What children should have a blood lead test?
-with any Yes or don't know response
-living in high risk ZIP code
-all Medicaid children (prior to 12 months and 24 months)
How does lead exposure lead to health problems?
-affects brain and CNS to cause coma, convulsions and even death.
-Children who have severe lead poisoning can have mental retardation and behavioral
disorders.
-Even low-level lead exposures in developing babies have been found to affect behavior
and intelligence
Verified 100%
Definition of "Screening"
The process of using clinical tests and/or examinations to identify patients who require
additional health-related interventions
What is the goal of screening
Detect early
Who do you screen?
individuals who are at risk (ASYMPTOMATIC) for a certain condition
Is screening primary, secondary, or tertiary?
Secondary prevention
What are screening test recommendations based on?
Guidelines that come from research from the U.S Preventive Service Task Force
What is the purpose of a diagnostic test?
Establish the absence of presence of a disease (have it or not)
Diagnostic test are also called?
confirmatory test
Is a screening diagnostic?
NOT considered diagnostic test
-screen a subset of the population who may be at risk
-recommendations based on data
Does the US Preventive Services Task (USPSTF) fall under the HHS?
YES
What is the USPSTF screening recommendations?
-Based on the clinical research and evidence-based preventive care
-Recommendations are based of the grading of the research evidence
Grade of "A"
high certainty of benefit to test
Grade of "I"
no net benefit or potential harms outweigh the benefit
To measure the quality of a test its important to identify?
Sensitivity and Specificity
What do you look at when selecting screening tests?
the test is valid and reliable
Validity
is the screen distinguishing correctly:
1. Sensitivity
2. Specificity
Reliability
consistency of test results over time & between examiners
Sensitivity
,-Identifies correctly those WITH disease
-truly DO have the disease
-positive test result
High sensitivity screening test
detects most of the patients with the disease
Specificity
-Identifies correctly those W/O disease
-true negatives
False negative
test result that indicates a person does not have a disease or condition when the person
(actually) does have the illness
False positive
the patient does NOT have the disease, BUT the test is positive.
Sensitivity is prioritized when?
1. Disease is serious (want to identify as many true cases)
2. Treatment is effective and available (want to identify and treat as quickly as possible)
3. High risk of infectivity if individuals are not treated (want to minimize harm to others)
4. Subsequent test (next option) is cheap and low-risk
Specificity is often prioritized when?
1. Treatment is unpalatable (only want to treat those we are confident have the disease
and would benefit from the treatment)
2. Subsequent test is expensive and risky
A rapid flu screen has a sensitivity (50-70%). The result came back, and it is
negative. How would you explain the results to the patient and what would you
recommend?
"it is likely you have the flu"
-the other 30-50% will be a false negative
Achilles InSight test has a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 32%. How would
you interpret these results?
90% chance of having impaired bone density
Lead is?
soft blue-gray metal
What is the most common source of lead poisoning in children?
lead based paint and lead contaminated dust in older buildings
Where does lead present in?
-paint (homes built before 1978), leaded gasoline,
recycling operations,
ongoing or historic mining and smelting,
, commercial operations and,
lead contaminated consumer products (candy, toys, pottery, jewelry...etc.)
Most lead come from?
lead paint chips. they become part of the dust and soil in and around homes
Lead-based paint hazards occur in?
families living in low income housing with children under the age of 6 years
Main exposure of lead?
oral
-children most at risk due to hand mouth behaviors
2nd and 3rd hand smoke?
contributes to increase BLLs in children/adults
-3rd hand- surface residue
Occupational Lead Exposure (inhaled & ingested)
-battery manufacturing
-automobile brake repair
-companies that work with lead solder
-bridge maintenance and repair
-construction, renovation, rehabilitation
-pottery/ceramic
-radiator repair
-rubber products, plastics industries
-steel welding/cutting operations
Para-occupational exposure to lead (secondary exposure)
workers bring home lead contaminated on their skin, hair, clothes, shoes, tools
I PREPARE Screening
The I PREPARE environmental exposure history mnemonic is a quick reference tool
created for primary care providers to assess lead exposure risk.
(Investigate, Present work/protective clothing at home, residence, environment/water &
soil/industries, past work, activities/hobbies, resources/referrals, educate)
Who should be screened for lead?
-ALL children who live in Chicago (6 months through 6 years)
-Children eligible for Medicaid (due to poverty status)
What children should have a blood lead test?
-with any Yes or don't know response
-living in high risk ZIP code
-all Medicaid children (prior to 12 months and 24 months)
How does lead exposure lead to health problems?
-affects brain and CNS to cause coma, convulsions and even death.
-Children who have severe lead poisoning can have mental retardation and behavioral
disorders.
-Even low-level lead exposures in developing babies have been found to affect behavior
and intelligence
