Maternal & Child Health Nursing

Maternal & Child Health Nursing abortion: - ANS any interruption of a pregnancy before the fetus is viable (a stage of development that will enable the fetus to survive outside the uterus if born at that time) absorption: - ANS transfer of a drug from its point of entry in the body into the bloodstream abstinence: - ANS refraining from sexual intercourse abstract thought: - ANS final stage in cognitive thought processes; allows problem solving and creating hypotheses accommodation: - ANS adjustment of the eye to focus on a close image (ophthalmology); the ability to adapt thought processes to fit what is perceived (Piaget) acculturation: - ANS the process of losing cultural beliefs and values to those of a dominant society acrocyanosis: - ANS cyanosis (blue color) in the feet and hands acute bilirubin encephalopathy: permanent damage of brain cells caused when high levels (about 20 mg-100 ml) of indirect bilirubin leave the bloodstream and interfere with the chemical synthesis of brain cells acute pain: - ANS sharp pain, generally occurring abruptly after an injury acyanotic heart disease: heart or circulatory anomalies that involve either a stricture to the flow of blood or a shunt that moves blood from the arterial to the venous system (oxygenated to unoxygenated blood, or left-to-right shunts) adolescence: - ANS the time period between 13 years and 18 to 20 years adrenarche: - ANS pubic and axillary hair that occur with puberty adventitious sounds: extra or abnormal breathing sounds affective learning: learning that involves a change in attitude afterload: - ANS the resistance against which the cardiac ventricles must pump afterpains: - ANS intermittent cramping due to uterine contraction during involution in the postpartal period age of viability: - ANS the earliest age at which fetuses could survive if they were born at that time; generally accepted as 24 weeks, or fetuses weighing more than 400 g alleles: - ANS two like genes allergen: - ANS antigen that causes the release of mediating substances causing tissue injury and allergic symptoms allogeneic transplantation: - ANS transfer of body tissues from an immune-compatible (histocompatible) donor allografting: - ANS transfer of body tissue between two genetically dissimilar individuals Alport's syndrome: - ANS a progressive chronic glomerulonephritis inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder alternative birthing center: - ANS a setting for birth separate from a hospital alternative insemination: - ANS assistive reproductive technique, in which sperm is deposited into a woman's cervix or uterus amblyopia: - ANS reduced vision in one eye; ―lazy eye‖ amenorrhea: - ANS absence of a menstrual flow amniocentesis: - ANS the withdrawal of amniotic fluid from the uterus by means of introduction of a needle through the abdominal and uterine wall amnioinfusion: - ANS enlarging the amount of amniotic fluid by administration of normal saline or lactated Ringer's solution intravaginally into the uterus amniotic fluid embolism: - ANS condition in which amniotic fluid is forced into maternal circulation and travels to the lungs as small emboli amniotic membrane: - ANS the innermost membrane surrounding the fetus; it secretes amniotic fluid amniotomy: - ANS artificial rupturing of membranes during labor if they do not rupture spontaneously analgesia: - ANS a medication that reduces or decreases awareness of pain anaphylaxis: - ANS acute hypersensitivity (type I) reaction characterized by extreme vasodilation that leads to circulatory shock and extreme bronchoconstriction that decreases the airway lumens andrology: - ANS the branch of medicine that treats the male and diseases specific to the male sex anesthesia: - ANS a medication that causes partial or complete loss of sensation anhedonia: - ANS inability to remember the last time when a person felt happy or had a good time ankle clonus: - ANS continued motion of the foot ankyloglossia: - ANS an abnormal restriction of the tongue caused by an abnormally tight frenulum anovulation: - ANS faulty or inadequate release of ova anoxia: - ANS lack of oxygen in body cells anteflexion: - ANS a uterus that is bent forward just above the cervix anteversion: - ANS a uterus that is tipped abnormally forward including the cervix anticipatory grief: - ANS preparatory phase in which people gradually incorporate the reality of impending death into their thoughts antigen: - ANS any foreign substance (molecule) capable of stimulating an immune response antiphospholipid antibodies: antibodies that attack phospholipids, often associated with an autoimmune disorder antitoxins: - ANS antibodies against toxin-producing bacteria apnea: - ANS pause in respirations longer than 20 seconds with accompanying bradycardia apparent life-threatening event (ALTE): an episode in which an infant is cyanotic and limp in bed but survives after mouth-to-mouth resuscitation apposition: - ANS the amount of end-to-end contact of bone fragments appropriate for gestational age (AGA): newborn who falls between the 10th and 90th percentile of weight for age regardless of gestational age areola: - ANS the pigmented circle surrounding the nipple arterial blood gases (ABGs): the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood arthroscopy: - ANS direct visualization of a joint with a fiberoptic instrument aspermia: - ANS absence of sperm aspiration: - ANS inhalation of a foreign object into the airway aspiration studies: - ANS studies involving the removal of body fluids by such techniques as lumbar puncture or bone marrow aspiration assimilation: - ANS changing a situation or one's perception of it to fit one's thoughts astereognosis: - ANS difficulty identifying objects placed in the hand when the eyes are closed astigmatism: - ANS congenital or acquired unevenness of the curvature of the cornea atelectasis: - ANS collapse of alveoli atopic dermatitis: - ANS an itchy inflammation of the skin, primarily affecting infants; also known as infantile eczema atresia: - ANS complete closure of a body opening attachment: - ANS successful bonding between a woman and her newborn attitude: - ANS the degree of head flexion a fetus assumes during labor, or the relation of the fetal parts to each other audiogram: - ANS a test to measure hearing augmentation of labor: - ANS assisting labor that has started spontaneously to be more effective auscultation: - ANS listening with the aid of a stethoscope autografting: - ANS transplantation of tissue from one part of the body to another in the same individual autoimmunity: - ANS an inability to distinguish self from nonself, causing the immune system to carry out immune responses against normal cells and tissue autologous transplantation: - ANS transplantation using the person's own previously removed tissue automatisms: - ANS complex purposeless movements, such as lip smacking or fumbling hand movements autonomic dysreflexia: - ANS a powerful sympathetic reflex reaction that causes signs of hypertension, tachycardia, flushed face, and severe occipital headache autonomy: - ANS independence autonomy versus shame or doubt: - ANS developmental task of the toddler; learning to be independent and make decisions for self azotemia: - ANS accumulation of nitrogen waste in the bloodstream B - ANS baby-bottle syndrome: - ANS decay of all the upper teeth and the lower posterior teeth, usually due to putting an infant to bed with a bottle balloon angioplasty: - ANS procedure usually by way of cardiac catheterization in which a catheter with an uninflated balloon at its tip is inserted and passed through the heart into a stenosed valve; as the balloon is inflated, it breaks valve adhesions and may relieve the stenosis ballottement: - ANS the sensation of an object rebounding after being pushed by an examining hand; used for pregnancy diagnosis bariatric surgery: - ANS weight-control method to reduce overeating by surgically reducing stomach size barrier method: - ANS a method of reproductive life planning in which sperm are prevented from entering the cervix basal body temperature: - ANS temperature of the body at rest battledore placenta: - ANS a placenta with the cord inserted marginally rather than centrally behavioral therapy: - ANS a system of rewarding a person for desired behavior and ignoring or punishing the person for undesired behavior; also called ―behavior modification‖ beriberi: - ANS deficiency of vitamin B1 involving tingling and numbness of extremities, heart palpitations, and exhaustion bicornuate uterus: - ANS a uterus that has two fundal horns; it may have an accompanying septum bifidus factor: - ANS specific growth-promoting factor for the bacteria Lactobacillus bifidus whose presence in breast milk interferes with colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract binge eating: - ANS episodes of uncontrollable intake of large amounts of food over a specified period of time binocular vision: - ANS ability to fuse two images into one biologic gender: - ANS a person's chromosomal sexual designation of being male (XY) or female (XX) biopsy: - ANS surgical removal of tissue cells for laboratory analysis birthing bed: - ANS a bed specifically prepared for birth birthing chair: - ANS a chair used in labor and birth birthing room: - ANS a specifically prepared room for aiding comfort, safety, and conduct of birth blended family: - ANS a remarried or reconstituted family blood dyscrasias: - ANS hematologic disorders body mass index: - ANS determination of body weight by comparing height to weight (weight divided by height squared) bonding: - ANS successful linking between a woman and her newborn boomerang generation: - ANS young adults returning home to live with their family after college of a failed relationship Braxton Hicks contractions: - ANS painless, erratic uterine contractions that occur toward the end of pregnancy; they ready the cervix for labor, but cervical dilation does not occur with them breech presentation: - ANS fetal presentation in which either the buttocks or feet are the first body parts to contact the cervix broken fluency: - ANS repetition and prolongation of sounds, syllables, and words bronchoscopy: - ANS a procedure in which a bronchoscope, a specially designed tube, is passed through the nose or mouth to observe the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli brown fat: - ANS the special tissue present in newborns to maintain body temperature bruit: - ANS a swishing or blowing sound that occurs with turbulent blood flow, such as if there is an outpouching of the aorta bruxism: - ANS grinding the teeth during sleep C - ANS calorie counting: - ANS counting the number of calories that a person ingests in 1 day caput succedaneum: - ANS edema of the scalp at the presenting part of the head cardiac catheterization: - ANS a procedure in which a small radiopaque catheter is passed through a major vein in the arm, leg, or neck into the heart to secure blood samples or inject dye, to evaluate cardiac function cardinal movements of labor: - ANS position changes to keep the smallest diameter of the fetal head (in cephalic presentations) always presenting to the smallest diameter of the birth canal (descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, external rotation, and expulsion) caries: - ANS dental cavities carpopedal spasm: - ANS abduction of the hand and flexion of the wrist with the thumb positioned across the palm cartilage: - ANS connective tissue case management nursing: - ANS one nurse being in charge of a patient's care from admission to discharge catarrhal stage: - ANS inflammation of the nose and throat during infectious diseases catatonia: - ANS immobility caudal regression syndrome: - ANS hypoplasia of the lower extremities occurring primarily in infants of diabetic mothers cavernous hemangioma: - ANS type of birthmark evidenced as a dilated vascular space cell-mediated immunity: - ANS type of immune response due to T-lymphocyte activity centering: - ANS focusing on only one aspect of an object or situation central cyanosis: - ANS cyanosis of the trunk cephalic presentation: - ANS fetal presentation in which the head is the body part that first contacts the cervix cephalocaudal: - ANS relating to head and tail; progression of development in a fetus and child cephalohematoma: - ANS collection of blood under the periosteum of the skull bone caused by pressure at birth cervical cap: - ANS a latex barrier method of contraception that fits over the uterine cervix cervical cerclage: - ANS suturing of the cervix to maintain a pregnancy to prevent premature cervical dilatation cesarean birth: - ANS birth accomplished through an incision into the uterus Chadwick's sign: - ANS discolorization of vaginal walls from pink to violet chain of infection: - ANS method by which organisms are spread and enter a new individual to cause disease chemotaxis: - ANS ―calling‖ leukocytes into the area chemotherapeutic agent: - ANS one that is capable of destroying malignant cells chief concern: - ANS the reason the parents or patient has come to the health care agency chloasma: - ANS extra pigment on the face choreiform movements: - ANS aimless movements choreoathetosis: - ANS rapid, purposeless movements choreoid: - ANS irregular and jerking movements chorioamnionitis: - ANS infection of the fetal membranes and amniotic fluid chorionic membrane: - ANS the outer fetal membrane chorionic villi: - ANS projections of the trophoblast that produce human chorionic gonadotropin and begin osmosis of nutrients to the embryo chromosome: - ANS the structure that weaves genes into strands in the nucleus of all body cells chronic pain: - ANS pain that lasts for a prolonged period of time (often defined as 6 months' time) clarifying: - ANS repeating statements others have made so that both parties can be certain the meaning is understood class inclusion: - ANS the ability to understand that objects can belong to more than one classification classic cesarean incision: - ANS an incision that is made vertically through both the abdominal skin and the uterus clean-catch urine specimen: - ANS urine specimen obtained after the urinary meatus has been cleaned cleansing breath: - ANS a deep breath taken at the beginning and end of breathing exercises during labor that helps prevent hyperventilation cleft lip: - ANS failure of the maxillary and median nasal processes to fuse normally cleft palate: - ANS an opening of the palate client advocacy: - ANS safeguarding and advancing the interests of clients and their families clubbing: - ANS a change in the angle between the fingernail and nailbed because of increased capillary growth in the fingertips; a response to hypoxia cognitive development: - ANS the acquisition of the ability to think and reason cognitive learning: - ANS learning that involves a change in the individual's level of understanding or knowledge coitus: - ANS sexual relations coitus interruptus: - ANS a method of contraception in which the penis is withdrawn from the vagina before ejaculation colonoscopy: - ANS a procedure in which a colonoscope, a specially designed tube, is passed through the anus to examine the rectum or colon colostrum: - ANS a thin, watery, yellow fluid composed of protein, sugar, fat, water, minerals, vitamins, and maternal antibodies that precedes breast milk comedones: - ANS the lesions of acne vulgaris; ―blackheads‖ communication: - ANS the exchange of ideas between two or more persons community: - ANS a limited geographic area in which the residents relate to and interact among themselves compartment syndrome: - ANS phenomenon that can occur when a cast or tight constrictive dressing puts pressure on an enclosed space complement protein: - ANS a special body protein that is capable of lysing cells; composed of 20 different proteins that are normally nonfunctional molecules but become active with the immune response complex vocal tics: - ANS repeated use of words or phrases out of context complicated grief: - ANS chronic sorrow that arises when one does not arrive at the final stage of grief (acceptance) computed tomography (CT): - ANS x-ray procedure in which many views of an organ or body part are made to represent what the organ would look like if it were cut into thin slices conditioned reflex: - ANS a reflex to respond to a specific stimulus developed by training condom: - ANS a latex barrier method of contraception worn on the penis (a male condom) or inserted vaginally (a female condom); provides some protection against STIs as well conduction: - ANS transfer of body heat to a cooler solid object in contact with the body congestive heart failure: - ANS a condition in which the myocardium of the heart cannot pump and circulate enough blood to supply oxygen and nutrients to body cells conjunctivitis: - ANS commonly called ―pink eye‖ by parents; an infection of the conjunctiva that covers the eye conscious relaxation: - ANS deliberately relaxing one set of muscles, then another, and another until the body is completely relaxed conscious sedation: - ANS a state of depressed consciousness obtained by IV analgesia therapy consciously controlled breathing: - ANS deliberately spaced breathing to achieve a desired rate conservation: - ANS property of an object when a change in form does not equate to a change in size or amount contraceptive: - ANS a method or device to prevent the fertilization of the human ovum contractility: - ANS the ability of the ventricles to stretch; refers to the force of contraction generated by the myocardial muscle contrecoup injury: - ANS an injury resulting from a blow to one side of the skull that causes the brain to rebound and then injure the opposite side convalescent period: - ANS interval between when infectious symptoms begin to fade and the patient returns to full wellness convection: - ANS flow of heat from the body surface to cooler surrounding air coprolalia: - ANS use of socially unacceptable words, usually obscenities couvade syndrome: - ANS somatic symptoms experienced by the father during pregnancy simulating those of the pregnant mother Couvelaire uterus: - ANS uteroplacental apoplexy due to blood entering the uterine musculature crowning: - ANS the appearance of the fetal head at the perineum just before birth cryptorchidism: - ANS failure of one or both testes to descend from the abdominal cavity to the scrotum culdoscopy: - ANS the introduction of an endoscope through the posterior vaginal wall to view the pelvic organs cultural awareness: - ANS being aware that we all live and function within a culture of our own and that our identity is shaped by it cultural competence: - ANS capacity to work effectively and with people, integrating elements of their culture—vocabulary, values, attitudes, rules, and norms cultural humility: - ANS lifelong process of self-reflection and self-critique that begins, not with an assessment of a client's belief, but rather an assessment of your own cultural values: - ANS preferred ways of acting based on cultural traditions culture: - ANS the learned way of life of a community or society culture specific: - ANS values, norms, and patterns of behavior unique to one culture culture universal: - ANS values, norms, and patterns of behavior shared across almost all cultures cutaneous pain: - ANS pain that arises from superficial structures such as the skin and mucous membrane cyanosis: - ANS a blue tinge to the skin indicating hypoxia cyanotic heart disease: - ANS cardiac anomaly when blood is shunted from the venous to the arterial system as a result of abnormal communication between the two (deoxygenated blood to oxygenated blood; right-to-left shunt) cystocele: - ANS a pouching of the bladder into the anterior vaginal wall cytogenetics: - ANS study of chromosomes by light microscopy and the method by which chromosomal aberrations are identified cytomegalovirus: - ANS a member of the herpes virus family; teratogen that can cause extensive damage to a fetus yet causes few symptoms in the woman cytotoxic response: - ANS cells are detected as foreign and immunoglobulins directly attack and destroy the cells without harming surrounding tissue D - ANS death: - ANS end of life; officially determined by unreceptivity and unresponsivity; no spontaneous muscular movement or breath; no reflex response; and a flat electroencephalogram debridement: - ANS the removal of foreign material from a burn or wound decentering: - ANS projecting the self into other peoples' situations and see the world from their viewpoint decerebrate posturing: - ANS typical posture occurring when the midbrain is not functional; characterized by rigid extension and adduction of arms and pronation of the wrists with the fingers flexed; legs extended and the feet plantar flexed deciduous teeth: - ANS temporary teeth that are replaced by permanent teeth at around age 6 to 7 years decorticate posturing: - ANS posture with arms abducted and flexed on the chest with wrists flexed, hands fisted; lower extremities extended and internally rotated; feet plantar flexed; denotes brainstem involvement deep tendon reflexes: - ANS neurologic reflexes such as triceps, biceps, patellar, and Achilles reflexes deep vein thrombosis (DVT): - ANS formation of thrombus (blood clot) in the deep veins secondary to stasis, vessel damage, and hypercoagulation deferred imitation: - ANS ability to remember an action and imitate it later dehiscence: - ANS the separation of a muscle or surgical incision dehydration: - ANS an excessive loss of body water delayed hypersensitivity: - ANS T-lymphocyte activity occurring solely without an accompanying humoral response demonstration: - ANS the showing of a procedure to stimulate learning dermatoglyphics: the study of surface markings of the skin development: - ANS an increase in ability (a qualitative change) developmental care: - ANS care designed to meet the specific needs of each infant developmental hip dysplasia: - ANS (often referred to as congenital hip dysplasia) improper formation and function of the hip socket developmental milestone: - ANS major marker of normal development developmental task: - ANS a skill or a growth responsibility arising at a particular time, the successful achievement of which will provide a foundation for the accomplishment of future tasks diagonal conjugate: - ANS distance between the anterior surface of the sacral prominence and the anterior surface of the inferior margin of the symphysis pubis dialysis: - ANS separation and removal of solutes from body fluid by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane diaphragm: - ANS a mechanical barrier contraceptive device fitted over the cervix in the woman diaphragmatic excursion: - ANS distance the diaphragm moves as measured from inspiration to expiration diaphysis: - ANS central shaft of a long bone diastasis: - ANS overstretching and separation of the rectus muscle diastole: - ANS relaxation of the heart chambers dilatation: - ANS widening of the opening of the cervix in labor diplegia: - ANS (paraplegia); paralysis of the lower extremities diplopia: - ANS double vision direct care: - ANS a nurse remains in continual attendance or visits frequently and actually administers care discipline: - ANS setting rules so people know what is expected discrimination: - ANS action of treating people differently based on their physical or cultural traits distraction: - ANS (a) a technique that allows the cells of the brainstem that register an impulse as pain to be preoccupied with other stimuli so the pain impulse cannot register; (b) use of an external device to separate opposing bones, thus encouraging new bone growth distribution: - ANS movement of a drug through the bloodstream to the specific site of action diversity: - ANS a mixture or variety of lifestyles and beliefs in a population doula: - ANS a person without professional experience who guides and assists a woman in labor drowning: - ANS asphyxiation because of submersion in a liquid dysfunctional labor: - ANS previously termed inertia; occurrence of sluggishness of contractions, or the force of labor dyskinetic: - ANS disordered muscle tone dyslexia: - ANS reading impairment disorder in which letters or words are reversed dysmature: - ANS newborn who is before term or postterm or is underweight or overweight for gestational age dysmenorrhea: - ANS painful menstruation dyspareunia: - ANS pain on sexual intercourse dystocia: - ANS difficult labor E - ANS early pregnancy failure: - ANS when a fetus dies in utero but is not expelled; also termed ―missed miscarriage‖ echolalia: - ANS repeating words or phrases spoken by others eclampsia: - ANS development of a seizure from gestational hypertension ecomap: - ANS a diagram of the family's interactions within the community ectomorphic body build: - ANS having a slim body build ectopic pregnancy: - ANS one in which implantation occurs outside the uterine cavity effacement: - ANS thinning of the cervix in labor effleurage: - ANS light massage done by the fingertips egocentrism: - ANS perceiving that one's thoughts and needs are better or more important than those of others eighth-month anxiety: - ANS fear of strangers that peaks during the eighth month elective cesarean birth: - ANS when a cesarean birth is chosen by a woman for convenience or to prevent potential urinary or anal incontinence later in life elective termination of pregnancy: - ANS termination of a pregnancy by medical intervention Electra complex: strong emotional attachment of a preschool girl to her father (Freud) electrical impulse studies: - ANS those that include electrical conduction emancipated minor: - ANS a person before the age of majority who is free from the custody, care, and control of his or her parents and is capable of health care decisions; a pregnant adolescent embryo: - ANS term for the products of conception during the intrauterine growth period from the time following implantation until organogenesis is complete (tenth day to 5 to 8 weeks) empathy: - ANS the ability to put yourself in another's place and experience a feeling as that person does en face position: - ANS a position in which a caregiver's face and an infant's face look directly at each other enanthem: - ANS rash on the mucous membrane endometriosis: - ANS abnormal growth of extrauterine endometrial cells, often in the cul-de-sac of the peritoneal cavity, the uterine ligaments, and the ovaries endometritis: - ANS an infection of the endometrium, the lining of the uterus endomorphic body build: - ANS having a large body build endorphins: - ANS naturally occurring opiate-like substances in the body endoscopy: - ANS a procedure in which an endoscope, a specially designed tube, is passed through the mouth to examine the gastrointestinal tract engagement: - ANS settling of the fetal head into the pelvis during labor engorgement: - ANS breast distention with swelling caused by vascular and lymphatic congestion arising from an increase in the blood and lymph supply to the breasts engrossment: - ANS staring at the newborn in the en face position for long intervals enucleation: - ANS eye removal enuresis: - ANS involuntary passage of urine past the age when a child should be expected to have attained bladder control environmental control: - ANS as many common allergens as possible are removed from the environment epidural analgesia: - ANS injection of an analgesic agent into the epidural space just outside the spinal canal, to provide analgesia to the lower body for 12 to 24 hours epiphyseal plate: - ANS area where the increase in the length of long bones occurs epiphysis: - ANS rounded end portion of a long bone episiotomy: - ANS surgical incision of the perineum to prevent tearing and to release pressure on the fetal head with birth epispadias: - ANS opening of the urinary meatus on the dorsal or superior surface of the penis erectile dysfunction: - ANS impotence; the inability to achieve erection in order to complete a sex act erosion: - ANS inflammation of the epithelium of the cervical canal spreading onto the area surrounding the os, giving the cervix a reddened appearance erythema toxicum: - ANS newborn rash that usually appears in the 1st to 4th day of life; sometimes called a flea-bite rash erythroblastosis fetalis: - ANS see hemolytic disease of the newborn erythroblasts: - ANS large, nucleated early red blood cells erythrocytes: - ANS red blood cells erythropoietin: - ANS a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell development escharotomy: - ANS a surgical incision into the hard crust that forms over a burn esotropia: - ANS condition in which the eye is always turning in estimated date of birth: the predicted date on which a baby will be born (also estimated date of confinement, or EDC) ethnicity: - ANS the cultural group into which a person is born ethnocentrism: - ANS the belief that one's own values or beliefs are superior to others evaporation: - ANS loss of heat through conversion of a liquid to a vapor evidence-based practice: - ANS the use of research or controlled investigation of a problem using a scientific method in conjunction with clinical expertise as acquired through experience and practice as a foundation for action Ewing sarcoma: - ANS malignant tumor occurring most often in the bone marrow of the diaphyseal area (midshaft) of long bones exanthem: - ANS a skin rash excretion: - ANS elimination of raw drug or drug metabolites, a process that largely prevents properly administered drugs from becoming toxic exophthalmos: - ANS protrusion of the eyeballs exotoxins: - ANS poisons produced by some bacteria exotropia: - ANS condition in which the eye is always turning outward expiration: - ANS carbon dioxide-filled air discharged to the outside exstrophy of the bladder: - ANS midline closure defect occurring during the embryonic period of gestation (first 8 weeks) and resulting in the bladder lying open and exposed on the abdomen external cephalic version: - ANS turning of a fetus from a breech to a cephalic position before birth extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): - ANS mechanical means of oxygenating blood extrusion reflex: - ANS a tongue reflex in infants that expels solid objects from the mouth; fades at 4 months F - ANS failure to thrive: - ANS also called reactive attachment disorder; unique syndrome in which an infant falls below the fifth percentile for weight and height on a standard growth chart or is falling in percentiles on a growth chart family: - ANS two or more people who live in the same household (usually), share a common emotional bond, and perform certain interrelated social tasks family-centered nursing: - ANS the concept that clients do not exist outside a family; the family rather than an individual is considered the client family of orientation: - ANS one's birth family: oneself, mother, father, and siblings family of procreation: - ANS one's marriage family: oneself, spouse, and children feedback: - ANS a reply to communication indicating that the message has been received and interpreted fertile days: - ANS days on which a woman has the most likely chance to become pregnant fertility awareness: - ANS a method of contraception based on analyzing the consistency of vaginal secretions fertility rate: - ANS the proportion of women who could have babies who are having them fertilization: - ANS the union of the sperm and ovum fetal alcohol spectrum: - ANS conditions associated with an infant born to a woman who uses alcohol during pregnancy; infant has high incidence of characteristic craniofacial deformity including short palpebral fissures, thin upper lip, and upturned nose, as well as cognitive impairment fetal descent: - ANS sinking of the fetus in the birth canal just prior to birth (one of six cardinal movements of labor) fetal position: - ANS relationship of the presenting part to a specific quadrant and side of a woman's pelvis fetoscopy: - ANS the visualization of the fetus by inspection through a fetoscope fetus: - ANS the developing structure from the eighth week postfertilization until birth fibrocystic breast disease: - ANS benign multiple cysts in the breasts fistula: - ANS abnormal opening flat affect: - ANS not revealing feelings fomites: - ANS inanimate objects, such as soil, food, water, bedding, towels, combs, or drinking glasses, that provide a means of infection transmission foramen ovale: - ANS an opening between the atria of the heart during intrauterine life fore milk: - ANS constantly forming breast milk formal operational thought: - ANS final stage of cognitive development, involving the ability to think in abstract terms and use the scientific method to arrive at conclusions fovea centralis: - ANS (the center of the macula); an area of closely packed cones on the retinas where color is best perceived fracture: - ANS break in the continuity or structure of bone frenulum: - ANS the membrane attached to the lower anterior tip of the tongue G - ANS gamma globulin: - ANS serum obtained from the pooled blood of many people; rich in antibodies gastroesophageal reflux: - ANS (commonly called achalasia in infants) a neuromuscular disturbance in which the gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter and the lower portion of the esophagus are lax, allowing easy regurgitation of gastric contents into the esophagus gastroschisis: - ANS an abdominal wall disorder that occurs a distance from the umbilicus, usually to the right, and the abdominal organs spill freely from the abdominal wall gating control theory of pain perception: - ANS a theory of how pain impulses can be interrupted before they travel between a site of injury and the brain where the impulse is actually registered as pain gay: - ANS socially preferred term for men who have sex with men gender identity: - ANS the inner sense of being male or female, which may be the same as or different from biologic gender gender role: - ANS the behavior a person conveys about being male or female generativity versus stagnation: developmental task of the middle-aged adult; learning to extend concern from just themselves and their families to the community and the world genes: - ANS basic units of heredity that determine both the physical and mental characteristics of people genogram: - ANS a diagram of family structure depicting essential family relationships; the interactive roles that exist in a family genome: - ANS complete set of genes present genotype: - ANS actual gene composition genu valgus: - ANS knock-knees geographic tongue: - ANS term for the rough-appearing tongue surface that often accompanies general symptoms of illness such as fever gestational age: - ANS number of weeks fetus remained in utero gestational trophoblastic disease: - ANS proliferation and degeneration of the trophoblastic villi glomerular filtration rate: - ANS rate at which substances are filtered from the blood to the urine glomerulonephritis: - ANS inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney glucose tolerance test: - ANS a test of the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrate by measuring the serum glucose level after ingestion of a fixed amount of glucose glycogen loading: - ANS depleting, then replenishing glycogen stores by altering carbohydrate intake, to store extra glycogen for the purpose of sustaining energy through an athletic event glycosuria: - ANS excess glucose in the urine glycosylated hemoglobin: - ANS measure of the amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin gonad: - ANS a sex gland; an ovary in the female; a testis in the male goniotomy: - ANS surgical procedure used to treat congenital glaucoma Goodell's sign: - ANS softening of the cervix; a probable sign of pregnancy granulocytes: - ANS white blood cells with granules in the cell cytoplasm graphesthesia: - ANS ability to recognize a shape that has been traced on the skin gravida: - ANS number of times a woman has been pregnant, including the present pregnancy; a pregnant woman grief process: - ANS regulated steps in grieving growth: - ANS an increase in size; a quantitative change gynecology: - ANS the study of the female reproductive organs and female disorders gynecomastia: - ANS enlargement of the breasts; excess development of male breast tissue; a transient occurrence in normal adolescence H - ANS hand regard: - ANS infants holding their hands in front of their face and studying their fingers for long periods of time Hawthorne effect: - ANS an improvement in behavior because of being studied health literacy: - ANS an individual's ability to read, understand, and use health care information to make decisions and follow instructions hebephile: - ANS an adult who seeks out pubescent children for sexual gratification Hegar's sign: - ANS softening of the lower uterine segment; a probable sign of pregnancy HELLP syndrome: - ANS a variation of gestational hypertension named for the common symptoms that occur: hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets hemangioma: - ANS vascular tumor of the skin hemiplegia: - ANS paralysis of both extremities on one side hemochromatosis: - ANS deposition of iron in body tissues from destruction of red blood cells hemolysis: - ANS destruction of red blood cells hemolytic disease of the newborn: - ANS condition involving red blood cell destruction in the fetus who is Rh positive and whose mother is Rh negative hemorrhagic disease of the newborn: - ANS newborn bleeding disorder resulting from a deficiency of vitamin K hemosiderosis: - ANS deposition of iron in body tissues hermaphrodite: - ANS having both ovaries and testes Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2): - ANS sexually transmitted infection spread by intimate contact heterozygous trait: - ANS having two different or unlike genes for a designated characteristic high-risk pregnancy: - ANS one in which a concurrent disorder, pregnancy-related complication, or external factor jeopardizes the health of the mother and or fetus hind milk: - ANS new breast milk formed after the let-down reflex Homans' sign: - ANS pain in the calf on dorsiflexion of the foot home care: - ANS care of people in their own home, provided by or supervised through a certified home health care or community health care agency homozygous trait: - ANS having two like genes for a designated characteristic hordeolum: - ANS an infection of an eyelash hormones: - ANS chemicals produced by ductless glands of the endocrine system hospice care: - ANS care of the person with a terminal disease; can be cared for at home humoral immunity: - ANS immunity created by antibody production or B-lymphocyte involvement hydramnios: - ANS an excessive amount of amniotic fluid (generally over 2000 ml) hydrocele: - ANS collection of fluid in the scrotal sac hydrocephalus: - ANS an excess of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles and subarachnoid spaces of the brain hydronephrosis: - ANS enlargement of the pelvis of the kidney with urine as a result of back-pressure in the ureter hydrops fetalis: - ANS old term for the appearance of a severely involved infant with Rh incompatibility at birth hyperactivity: - ANS excess movement hyperbilirubinemia: - ANS increased serum bilirubin hypercholesterolemia: - ANS greater than usual levels of cholesterol in the blood hyperglycemia: - ANS increased blood glucose level hyperopia: - ANS farsightedness hypersensitivity response: - ANS excessive antigen-antibody response when the invading organism is an allergen rather than a simple immunogen hypertension: - ANS elevated blood pressure hypertonic uterine contractions: - ANS contractions with an increase in resting tone to more than 15 mm Hg hypertrophy: - ANS an increase in the size of an organ because the cells have increased in size rather than number hypoglycemia: - ANS decreased blood glucose level hyposensitization: - ANS immunotherapy; a process to diminish an allergic response hypospadias: - ANS urethral defect in which the urethral opening is not at the end of the penis but on the ventral (lower) aspect of the penis hypothalamus: - ANS an organ located in the center of the brain that is the regulator of the autonomic nervous system hypoxemia: - ANS deficient oxygenation of the blood hypoxia: - ANS inadequate oxygenation of body tissue I - ANS identity versus inferiority: - ANS developmental task of adolescents; learning who they are and what kind of person they will be immune response: - ANS body's action plan devised to combat invading organisms or substances by leukocyte and antibody activity immunogen: - ANS substance (antigen) that can be readily destroyed by an immune response implantation: - ANS nidation; the attachment of the zygote to the uterine endometrium imprinting: - ANS differential expression of genetic material that allows researchers to identify whether the chromosomal material has come from the male or female parent incest: - ANS sexual activity between family members in vitro fertilization (IVF): - ANS the union of sperm and ovum under laboratory conditions incomplete protein: - ANS a protein that does not contain all of the essential amino acids incubation period: - ANS time between the invasion of an organism and the onset of symptoms of infection indirect care: - ANS the nurse plans and supervises care given by others, such as home health care aides or parents induction of labor: - ANS labor that is artificially started infantile spasms: - ANS a form of generalized seizures—‖salaam‖ and ―jackknife‖—or infantile myoclonicseizures, characterized by very rapid movements inguinal hernia: - ANS protrusion of a section of the bowel into the inguinal ring initiative versus guilt: - ANS developmental task of preschoolers; learning how to do things (basic problem solving) and that doing things is desirable innocent heart murmur: - ANS heart murmur of no significance; also called insignificant or functional heart murmur insensible loss: - ANS fluid loss occurring as a result of evaporation from skin and lungs and from saliva inspection: - ANS visual observation to determine health inspiration: - ANS delivery of warmed moistened air via the respiratory system to the alveoli integrity versus despair: - ANS developmental task of the older adult; learning to feel good about life and the choices they have made intelligence: - ANS ability to think abstractly, to adjust to new situations, and to profit from experience intercostal spaces: - ANS spaces between the ribs interferon: - ANS a protein that protects against viruses intermittent infusion devices: - ANS (heparin locks) devices that maintain open venous access for medicine administration, yet allow patients to be free of intravenous tubing so that they can be out of bed and more active intimacy versus isolation: - ANS developmental task of the young adult; learning to relate well with other people, not only with members of the opposite sex but also with one's own sex to form long-lasting friendships intimate partner violence: - ANS maltreatment by a family member against another adult living in the household intracath: - ANS a slim, pliable catheter threaded into a vein intrauterine device (IUD): - ANS a contraceptive device inserted into the uterine cavity intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): - ANS failure to grow at the expected rate in utero intuitional thought: - ANS a stage of preschool thinking in which children can only see one characteristic of an object (centering) intussusception: - ANS invagination of one portion of the intestine into another involution: - ANS the process whereby the reproductive organs return to their nonpregnant state ischial tuberosity diameter: - ANS distance between the ischial tuberosities, or the transverse diameter of the outlet (the narrowest diameter at that level or the one most apt to cause a misfit) isochromosome: - ANS chromosome with mismatched long and short arms, caused by horizontal division isoimmunization: - ANS production of antibodies against Rh-positive blood in a fetus by a woman's immunologic system J - ANS jaundice: - ANS yellowing of the skin K - ANS karyotype: - ANS a visual presentation of chromosomes keratomalacia: - ANS necrosis of the cornea with perforation, loss of ocular fluid, and blindness ketoacidosis: - ANS a lowered serum pH resulting from accumulation of ketones kinesthesia: - ANS ability to distinguish movement Koplik's spots: - ANS small, irregular, bright red spots with a blue-white center point, appearing on the buccal membrane with measles kwashiorkor: - ANS disease caused by protein deficiency L - ANS labile mood: - ANS sudden mood changes (e.g., crying occurs, followed immediately by giggling or laughing) labor-delivery-recovery-postpartum room: - ANS a specifically designed room that serves as the location not only for labor and birth but also for the postpartum recovery period lactase: - ANS the enzyme that converts lactose to glucose and galactose lactiferous sinuses: - ANS reservoirs for milk located behind the breast nipple lanugo: - ANS fine, downy hair that covers a newborn's shoulders, back, and upper arms laparoscopy: - ANS examination of the abdominal cavity and organs by insertion of a surgical instrument through the anterior abdominal wall large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infant: - ANS an infant who falls above the 90th percentile in weight latent tetany: - ANS neuromuscular irritability associated with hypocalcemia learned helplessness: - ANS psychological infantilism; phase of intimate partner maltreatment in which the partner is forced to use coping mechanisms such as becoming very obedient and cooperative in a desperate effort to reduce the violence Leboyer method: - ANS a birth method encouraging a quiet, darkened room and maternal-infant bonding Leopold's maneuvers: - ANS a method of observation and palpation to determine fetal presentation and position lesbian: - ANS socially preferred term for women who have sex with women let-down reflex: - ANS collecting sinuses of the mammary glands contract, forcing milk forward through the nipples, thus making it available for the baby letting-go phase: - ANS the third phase of the postpartal period in which the woman redefines her new role leukemia: - ANS distorted and uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells (leukocytes) leukocytes: - ANS white blood cells leukorrhea: - ANS a whitish, viscous vaginal discharge or an increase in the amount of normal vaginal secretions lie: - ANS the relationship between the long axis of the fetus and the long axis of the mother light refraction: - ANS manner that light is bent as it passes through the lens of the eye lightening: - ANS descent of the fetus into the pelvis at about 2 weeks prior to birth; also called engagement linea nigra: - ANS narrow brown line that runs from the umbilicus to the symphysis pubis and separates the abdomen into right and left halves lithotomy position: - ANS a position with a woman on her back with her thighs flexed and her feet resting in the examining table stirrups liver transplantation: - ANS surgical replacement of a malfunctioning liver by a donor liver lochia: - ANS uterine flow, consisting of blood, fragments of decidua, white blood cells, mucus, and some bacteria following childbirth lordosis: - ANS forward curve of the spine low segment incision: - ANS an incision made horizontally across the abdomen just over the symphysis pubis and also horizontally across the uterus just over the cervix low-birth-weight infant: - ANS an infant weighing under 2500 g lymphokine: - ANS a substance that contains or prevents migration of antigens lymphoma: - ANS malignancy of the lymph or reticuloendothelial system lysis: - ANS killing lysozyme: - ANS enzyme found in breast milk that apparently actively destroys bacteria by lysing (dissolving) their cell membranes, possibly increasing the effectiveness of antibodies M - ANS macrophages: - ANS mature white blood cells macrosomia: - ANS birth weight above the 90th percentile on an intrauterine growth chart for that gestational age magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): - ANS combination of a magnetic field, radio frequency, and computer technology to produce diagnostic images malleoli: - ANS rounded prominence on either side of the ankles malocclusion: - ANS deviation from normal teeth positioning maltreatment: - ANS willful injury by one person by another; formerly termed ―abuse‖ mandatory reporters: - ANS persons who are required to report suspected child maltreatment when they identify it manifest tetany: - ANS muscular twitching and carpopedal spasms from hypocalcemia mastitis: - ANS infection of the breast maternal and child health nursing: - ANS the full scope of nursing that deals with families during childbearing and childrearing periods maturation: - ANS reaching adulthood McBurney's point: - ANS one third of the way between the anterior superior iliac crest and the umbilicus; location of the appendix McDonald's rule: - ANS the fundus-to-symphysis distance in centimeters is equal to the week of gestation between weeks 20 and 31 of pregnancy Meckel's diverticulum: - ANS the remains of a small pouch of the omphalomesenteric (vitelline) duct off the ileum, approximately 18 inches from the ileum-colon junction meconium: - ANS a sticky, tarlike, blackish-green, odorless material formed from mucus, vernix, lanugo, hormones, and carbohydrates that accumulates during intrauterine life in the intestine meconium plug: - ANS extremely hard portion of meconium that completely obstructs the intestinal lumen, causing bowel obstruction megakaryocytes: - ANS immature thrombocytes megaloblastic anemia: - ANS enlarged red blood cells meiosis: - ANS type of cell division in which the number of chromosomes in the cell is reduced to the haploid (half) number for reproduction (23 rather than 46 chromosomes) melasma: - ANS excessive body pigment on the face that occurs during pregnancy menarche: - ANS the first menstrual period menopause: - ANS the cessation of ovarian function menorrhagia: - ANS an abnormally heavy menstrual flow metabolism: - ANS conversion of a drug into an active form (biotransformation) or an inactive form (inactivation) metaphysis: - ANS thin area between the diaphysis and epiphysis in long bones metastasis: - ANS tumors that have extended beyond the original site or have spread systemically metrorrhagia: - ANS bleeding between menstrual periods milia: - ANS pinpoint white papule (a plugged or unopened sebaceous gland) that can be found on the cheek or across the bridge of the nose of newborns minority: - ANS group within a population that is fewer in number or hold less power and wealth miscarriage: - ANS a fetus born before the age of viability mittelschmerz: - ANS abdominal pain during ovulation from the release of accompanying prostaglandins mode of transmission: - ANS whether an infection is spread by direct or indirect contact molding: - ANS change in shape of the fetal skull due to uterine contractions pressing the vertex against the not-yet-dilated cervix molestation: - ANS vague term that includes ―indecent liberties,‖ such as oral-genital contact, genital fondling and viewing, and masturbation Mongolian spot: - ANS collection of pigment cells (melanocytes); slate-gray patches across the sacrum or buttocks and possibly the arms and legs of newborns Montgomery's tubercles: - ANS sebaceous glands of the areola of the breast mores: - ANS customs generally accepted as right to follow by a community or society mortality rate: the number of deaths per 1000 persons mosaicism: - ANS condition that results when the nondisjunction disorder occurs after fertilization of the ovum as the structure begins mitotic division motor tics: - ANS eye blinking, neck jerking, and facial grimacing multigravida: - ANS woman who has been pregnant more than once multipara: - ANS a woman who has given birth to more than one child past the age of viability Munchausen syndrome by proxy: - ANS parent who repeatedly brings a child to a health care facility, reporting symptoms of illness when in fact the child is well myopathy: - ANS disease of the muscular system myopia: - ANS nearsightedness N - ANS natal teeth: - ANS teeth present at birth natural family planning: - ANS contraception involving no medical devices or chemicals near drowning: - ANS a state in which a person has survived drowning neck righting reflex: - ANS turning of shoulders, trunk, and pelvis in the same direction when the infant turns the head to the side necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC): - ANS development of necrotic patches in the bowel, interfering with digestion and possibly leading to a paralytic ileus; seen in infants in intensive care nurseries neonatal period: - ANS the interval from birth to 28 days of age neonatal teeth: - ANS teeth erupting in the first 4 weeks of life neonate: - ANS a baby in the neonatal period, the first 28 days of life neoplasm: - ANS new growth, usually referring to new abnormal growth that does not respond to normal growth control mechanisms nephrosis: - ANS altered glomeruli permeability due to fusion of the glomeruli membrane surfaces causing abnormal loss of protein in urine neuroblastomas: - ANS tumors that arise from the cells of the sympathetic nervous system nevus flammeus: - ANS a macular purple or dark red lesion (sometimes called a port-wine stain because of its deep color) that is present at birth nociceptors: - ANS specialized group of sensory receptors for pain nocturnal emissions: - ANS ejaculation during sleep nondisjunction: - ANS uneven cell division that leads to abnormal chromosome divisions non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep: - ANS first stage of sleep; type of sleep that occurs in up to 80% of total sleep time nonstress test: - ANS assessment of fetal well-being determined from examination of the fetal heart rate in relationship to fetal activity nontherapeutic communication: - ANS communication that lacks deliberate purpose (e.g., socializing) norms: - ANS customs generally accepted as right to follow by a community or society nulligravida: - ANS woman who is not or never has been pregnant nursing research: - ANS controlled investigation of problems that have implications for nursing practice nutritional marasmus: - ANS disease caused by deficiency of all food groups; basically a form of starvation nystagmus: - ANS rapid, irregular eye movement O - ANS obese: - ANS a body mass index over 30.0 or, in a child, a weight over the 90th percentile on a weight chart object permanence: - ANS awareness that an object exists even when it is out of sight Oedipus complex: - ANS strong emotional attachment of a preschool boy to his mother (Freud) oligohydramnios: - ANS a decreased amount of amniotic fluid omphalocele: - ANS protrusion of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall at the point of the junction of the umbilical cord and abdomen oncogenic viruses: - ANS viruses associated with causing cancer due to their ability to change the structure of DNA or RNA oocyte: - ANS an immature ovum operculum: - ANS the mucous plug formed in the cervical canal during pregnancy ophthalmia neonatorum: - ANS eye infection at birth or during the first month, most commonly caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis orchiectomy: - ANS removal of the testis orchiopexy: - ANS surgery to repair undescended testes organic heart murmur: - ANS murmur occurring as the result of heart disease or a congenital defect organogenesis: - ANS organ formation orthopnea: - ANS position with the head and chest elevated to ease breathing orthoptics: - ANS eye exercises osteogenic sarcoma: - ANS malignant tumor of long bone involving rapidly growing bone tissue (mesenchymalmatrix forming cells) otorrhea: - ANS discharge from the external ear overhydration: - ANS excess body fluid, usually extracellular fluid overweight: - ANS a body mass index between 25.0 and 29.9 oxytocin: - ANS a pituitary hormone that initiates or sustains uterine contractions P - ANS pain: - ANS an unpleasant sensation caused by pressure, injury, or tissue anoxia; whatever the person experiencing it says it is, and existing whenever he or she says it does pain threshold: - ANS the point at which the individual reports that a stimulus is painful pain tolerance: - ANS the point at which an individual withdraws from a stimulus or seeks relief palilalia: - ANS repeating one's own words palpation: - ANS an assessment technique that yields information on warmth and edema through touching pancytopenia: - ANS reduction of all blood cell components para: - ANS number of children above the age of viability a woman has previously birthed parallel play: - ANS playing alongside, not with, other children; characteristic of toddlers paraphrasing: - ANS restating what a person has said not only to assure the person that it has been heard correctly (as in clarifying), but to help explain what the person was trying to say paraplegia (diplegia): - ANS paralysis of the lower extremities paroxysmal coughing: - ANS series of expiratory coughs after a deep inspiration paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea: - ANS suddenly waking at night short of breath patent urachus: - ANS failure of the urachus (narrow tube that joins the bladder to the umbilicus in utero) to close properly during embryologic development, leading to the development of a fistula between the bladder and umbilicus patient-controlled analgesia (PCA): - ANS form of administration that allows self-administration of IV boluses of medication, usually opioids, with a medication pump pedal spasm: - ANS foot spasm manifested as the foot is extended, the toes are flexed, and the sole of the foot is cupped pedophile: - ANS adult who seeks out children for sexual gratification pellagra: - ANS deficiency of niacin involving dermatitis and resembling a sunburn pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): - ANS infection of the pelvic organs: the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and their supporting structures perception checking: - ANS documenting a feeling or emotion percussion: - ANS a chest physiotherapy technique that uses a cupped or curved palm against the chest; an assessment technique that helps determine the consistency of tissue beneath the surface area periodic respirations: - ANS irregular breathing pattern typically seen in newborns periosteum: - ANS outside sensitive layer covering of central shafts of long bones peripartal cardiomyopathy: - ANS myocardial failure apparently due to the effect of the pregnancy on the circulatory system peritonitis: - ANS infection of the peritoneal cavity periventricular leukomalacia (PVL): - ANS abnormal formation of the white matter of the brain permanence: - ANS the awareness that objects exist when out of sight permissive reporters: - ANS people who may, but are not legally required to, report child maltreatment petechiae: - ANS pinpoint, macular, purplish-red spots caused by intradermal or submucous hemorrhage phagocytosis: - ANS destruction of invading substances pharmacokinetics: - ANS the way a drug is absorbed, distributed throughout the body, metabolized, inactivated, and excreted phenotype: - ANS outward appearance or the expression of the genes photophobia: - ANS sensitivity to light physiologic jaundice: - ANS yellowing of the skin occurring on the 2nd or 3rd day of life as a result of the breakdown of fetal red blood cells physiologic splitting: - ANS term to denote closure of the pulmonary valve slightly later than the aortic valve pica: - ANS indiscriminate eating of nonfood substances pincer grasp: - ANS ability to bring the thumb and first finger together to pick up small objects placenta accreta: - ANS an unusually deep attachment of the placenta to the uterine myometrium placenta marginata: - ANS the fold of chorion reaches just to the edge of the placenta placenta previa: - ANS low implantation of the placenta placenta succenturiata: - ANS one or more accessory lobes connected to the main placenta by blood vessels play therapy: - ANS a psychoanalytic technique used by psychiatrists to help children better understand their feelings and thoughts and motivations plethora: - ANS marked reddened appearance of the skin plumbism: - ANS lead poisoning pneumothorax: - ANS the presence of atmospheric air in the pleural space poikilocytic: - ANS irregular in shape point of maximum impulse (PMI): - ANS the point on the chest where the apical heartbeat can be heard best polyandry: - ANS a marriage with one wife with more than one husband polycystic kidney: - ANS large, fluid-filled cysts forming in place of normal kidney tissue polycythemia: - ANS an increase in the number of red blood cells that results as a compensatory response to insufficient oxygenation of the blood polydactyly: - ANS presence of one or more additional fingers polydipsia: - ANS excessive thirst polygamy: - ANS a marriage with multiple wives or husbands polygyny: - ANS a marriage with one husband and more than one wife polyuria: - ANS excessive urination portal of entry: - ANS means by which a pathogen can enter a person's body portal of exit: - ANS method by which organisms leave an infected person's body to be spread to others position: - ANS the relationship of a specific fetal part to the maternal pelvis positive reinforcement: - ANS rewarding someone for demonstrating desired behavior positive signs of pregnancy: - ANS findings that definitely indicate a pregnancy is present positron emission tomography (PET): - ANS CT scan involving the use of an injectable radioactive contrast medium postcardiac surgery syndrome: - ANS febrile illness with pericarditis and pleurisy that appears to be a benign inflammatory response to a surgical procedure, developing at the end of the first postoperative week postpartum depression: - ANS overall feeling of sadness in a woman accompanied by extreme fatigue, an inability to stop crying, increased anxiety about her own or h