NURS 6501 Mod 1-4, exam question
answered correctly 2023/2024
Why is HDL considered good cholesterol?answers - It's able to remove cholesterol from artery plaques
and recycle it back to the liver.
Why is HDL consider good cholesterolanswers - HDL is considered good cholesterol because it collects
excess cholesterol in the body cells and transports it to the liver where it is excreted. HDL carries 20 to
25% of total plasma cholesterol.
Explain the role inflammation has in the development of atherosclerosisanswers - Inflammation in the
heart muscle caused by chronic inflammatory processes leads to mitochondrial damage that results in
an increased free radical production that further activates the chronic inflammatory vicious cycle
Explain the role inflammation has in the development of atherosclerosisanswers - Activated mast cells
recruit inflammatory cells that provoke plaque formation and lead to atherosclerosis. Chronic
inflammatory infiltrates occupy layers of arteries were stable plaques are formed and associated with
atherosclerosis.
Explain the role inflammation has in the development of atherosclerosisanswers - Additionally active
inflammation involves a thinning at the fibrous Of atherosclerotic plaque which predisposes vulnerable
plaque to rupture.
Why does the APRN recognize as the result of the pleural friction rub?answers - The inflammation of the
pericardium due to either the underlying autoimmune disease or a post viral syndrome causes
roughening of the pericardium. This causes the classic rug which can be best heard at the Apex of the
heart and left sternal border.
Explain how a positive strep test has caused the patient's symptomsanswers - Rheumatic heart disease
RHD only develops after a pharyngeal infection with group a beta hemolytic streptococcus. It is an
abnormal response to humoral and cell mediated response to M proteins. Inflammation causes
proliferative and exudative lesions in connective tissue.
,Explain how a positive strep test has caused the patient's symptomsanswers - Inflammation causes
scarring of the valve tissue. Inflammation usually affects the endocardium which contains the valves.
Endocardial inflammation causes swelling of leaflets in the valves.
Describe the factors that could have contributed to the development of a DVT in this patient and explain
how each of the factors could cause DVTanswers - Virchow's Triad caused damage to the walls of the
vessels. Injury to the intimal layer of the vessel, antiplatelet substances such as nitric oxide and
prostacyclin, along with the expression of collagen on the vessel wall, causes adherence to the platelets
to the vessel wall.
Describe the factors that could have contributed to the development of a DVT in this patient and explain
how each of the factors could cause DVTanswers - Platelets become activated, then aggregate, forming
clots. Venous stasis is a result of obesity, patients advanced age, and inability to perform physical
therapy therapy.
Explain why large pulmonary embolus interferes with oxygenationanswers - The embolus lodges
somewhere in the pulmonary circulation and causes a ventilation/perfusion mismatch V/Q. Ventilation
perfusion mismatch or V/Q defects are defects in total long ventilation perfusion ratio.
Explain why large pulmonary embolus interferes with oxygenationanswers - It is a condition in which
one or more areas of the lung receive oxygen but no blood flow, or they receive blood flow but no
oxygen due to obstruction somewhere in the pulmonary circulation. This causes a decreased area for
oxygen exchange.
Explain why a large pulmonary embolism causes right ventricular strainanswers - The V/Q mismatch
causes release of neurohumeral substances and inflammatory mediators that cause vasoconstriction of
the pulmonary vasculature further impeding oxygenation.
Explain why a large pulmonary embolism causes right ventricular strainanswers - Hemodynamically this
vasoconstriction results in pulmonary hypertension, making it difficult for the right ventricle to pump
blood.
Explain why a large pulmonary embolism causes right ventricular strainanswers - The V/Q mismatch also
creates decreased production of surfactant causing atelectasis that further decreases surface area
available for oxygen exchange.
, Explain early asthmatic responses in the cells responsible for the responsesanswers - When there is an
initial airway exposure to an antigen, an innate and adaptive immune response is initiated.
Explain early asthmatic responses in the cells responsible for the responsesanswers - Cells that can
initiate the inflammation of the bronchial mucosa and hyperresonance of the airways include Dedrick
cells, T-helper 2 cells, lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Explain early asthmatic responses in the cells responsible for the responsesanswers - Early asthmatic
response is a phase of bronchospasm that peaks at about 30 minutes and usually resolves after about 3
hours.
Explain late asthmatic responses in the cells responsible for the responsesanswers - Late asthmatic
responses are mediated by earlier exposure in early phase that causes a latent release of inflammatory
mediators. These mediators, leukotrienes and prostaglandin D, cause bronchospasm, edema, and mucus
secretions that obstruct airflow.
Explain late asthmatic responses in the cells responsible for the responsesanswers - Airway obstruction
creates resistance to airflow and causes air trapping. Continued air trapping increases intrapleural and
alveolar gas pressure, decreases ventilation and perfusion leading to uneven and variable
ventilation/perfusion in the lung.
Explain the pathophysiology of emphysema and how it relates to COPDanswers - Emphysema is a
disease of the airways that causes permanent enlargement of the gas exchange airways. It is
accompanied by destruction of the alveolar walls and does not appear to be fibrotic.
Explain the pathophysiology of emphysema and how it relates to COPDanswers - Chronic exposure to
irritants recruit neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes to the lung resulting in progressive damage
from inflammatory oxidative stress.
Explain the pathophysiology of emphysema and how it relates to COPDanswers - Emphysema is
characterized by destruction of alveoli leading to decrease surface area for gas exchange that causes
significant ventilation/perfusion mismatch.
Explain the pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis and how it relates to COPDanswers - Chronic
bronchitis is caused by inhalation of irritants that promote bronchial inflammation. This inflammation
answered correctly 2023/2024
Why is HDL considered good cholesterol?answers - It's able to remove cholesterol from artery plaques
and recycle it back to the liver.
Why is HDL consider good cholesterolanswers - HDL is considered good cholesterol because it collects
excess cholesterol in the body cells and transports it to the liver where it is excreted. HDL carries 20 to
25% of total plasma cholesterol.
Explain the role inflammation has in the development of atherosclerosisanswers - Inflammation in the
heart muscle caused by chronic inflammatory processes leads to mitochondrial damage that results in
an increased free radical production that further activates the chronic inflammatory vicious cycle
Explain the role inflammation has in the development of atherosclerosisanswers - Activated mast cells
recruit inflammatory cells that provoke plaque formation and lead to atherosclerosis. Chronic
inflammatory infiltrates occupy layers of arteries were stable plaques are formed and associated with
atherosclerosis.
Explain the role inflammation has in the development of atherosclerosisanswers - Additionally active
inflammation involves a thinning at the fibrous Of atherosclerotic plaque which predisposes vulnerable
plaque to rupture.
Why does the APRN recognize as the result of the pleural friction rub?answers - The inflammation of the
pericardium due to either the underlying autoimmune disease or a post viral syndrome causes
roughening of the pericardium. This causes the classic rug which can be best heard at the Apex of the
heart and left sternal border.
Explain how a positive strep test has caused the patient's symptomsanswers - Rheumatic heart disease
RHD only develops after a pharyngeal infection with group a beta hemolytic streptococcus. It is an
abnormal response to humoral and cell mediated response to M proteins. Inflammation causes
proliferative and exudative lesions in connective tissue.
,Explain how a positive strep test has caused the patient's symptomsanswers - Inflammation causes
scarring of the valve tissue. Inflammation usually affects the endocardium which contains the valves.
Endocardial inflammation causes swelling of leaflets in the valves.
Describe the factors that could have contributed to the development of a DVT in this patient and explain
how each of the factors could cause DVTanswers - Virchow's Triad caused damage to the walls of the
vessels. Injury to the intimal layer of the vessel, antiplatelet substances such as nitric oxide and
prostacyclin, along with the expression of collagen on the vessel wall, causes adherence to the platelets
to the vessel wall.
Describe the factors that could have contributed to the development of a DVT in this patient and explain
how each of the factors could cause DVTanswers - Platelets become activated, then aggregate, forming
clots. Venous stasis is a result of obesity, patients advanced age, and inability to perform physical
therapy therapy.
Explain why large pulmonary embolus interferes with oxygenationanswers - The embolus lodges
somewhere in the pulmonary circulation and causes a ventilation/perfusion mismatch V/Q. Ventilation
perfusion mismatch or V/Q defects are defects in total long ventilation perfusion ratio.
Explain why large pulmonary embolus interferes with oxygenationanswers - It is a condition in which
one or more areas of the lung receive oxygen but no blood flow, or they receive blood flow but no
oxygen due to obstruction somewhere in the pulmonary circulation. This causes a decreased area for
oxygen exchange.
Explain why a large pulmonary embolism causes right ventricular strainanswers - The V/Q mismatch
causes release of neurohumeral substances and inflammatory mediators that cause vasoconstriction of
the pulmonary vasculature further impeding oxygenation.
Explain why a large pulmonary embolism causes right ventricular strainanswers - Hemodynamically this
vasoconstriction results in pulmonary hypertension, making it difficult for the right ventricle to pump
blood.
Explain why a large pulmonary embolism causes right ventricular strainanswers - The V/Q mismatch also
creates decreased production of surfactant causing atelectasis that further decreases surface area
available for oxygen exchange.
, Explain early asthmatic responses in the cells responsible for the responsesanswers - When there is an
initial airway exposure to an antigen, an innate and adaptive immune response is initiated.
Explain early asthmatic responses in the cells responsible for the responsesanswers - Cells that can
initiate the inflammation of the bronchial mucosa and hyperresonance of the airways include Dedrick
cells, T-helper 2 cells, lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Explain early asthmatic responses in the cells responsible for the responsesanswers - Early asthmatic
response is a phase of bronchospasm that peaks at about 30 minutes and usually resolves after about 3
hours.
Explain late asthmatic responses in the cells responsible for the responsesanswers - Late asthmatic
responses are mediated by earlier exposure in early phase that causes a latent release of inflammatory
mediators. These mediators, leukotrienes and prostaglandin D, cause bronchospasm, edema, and mucus
secretions that obstruct airflow.
Explain late asthmatic responses in the cells responsible for the responsesanswers - Airway obstruction
creates resistance to airflow and causes air trapping. Continued air trapping increases intrapleural and
alveolar gas pressure, decreases ventilation and perfusion leading to uneven and variable
ventilation/perfusion in the lung.
Explain the pathophysiology of emphysema and how it relates to COPDanswers - Emphysema is a
disease of the airways that causes permanent enlargement of the gas exchange airways. It is
accompanied by destruction of the alveolar walls and does not appear to be fibrotic.
Explain the pathophysiology of emphysema and how it relates to COPDanswers - Chronic exposure to
irritants recruit neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes to the lung resulting in progressive damage
from inflammatory oxidative stress.
Explain the pathophysiology of emphysema and how it relates to COPDanswers - Emphysema is
characterized by destruction of alveoli leading to decrease surface area for gas exchange that causes
significant ventilation/perfusion mismatch.
Explain the pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis and how it relates to COPDanswers - Chronic
bronchitis is caused by inhalation of irritants that promote bronchial inflammation. This inflammation
