SWE 112
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING (1+1)
THEORY MANUAL
Prepared by
Dr. K. Arunadevi
Dr. J. Ramachandran
Course Teachers
Er. D. Sudhakar Raj
Er. V. Vigneshwari
TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
COIMBATORE – 641 003.
,e - Content
SWE 112 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering (1+1)
PREFACE
This e-Content for the course entitled SWE 112 Soil and Water Conservation
Engineering (1+1) is an outcome of passion and dedication to educate and serve the students in
gaining knowledge. It is structured as per the syllabus recommendation of the Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University for B.Sc. (Hons.) Horticulture as well as B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture.
This e-content is comprehensive, systematic, organized and shall certainly facilitate the
students to prepare for their exams. Several diagrams are drawn by the authors themselves to
make the students to visualize the concepts. At the end of each chapter, solved problems, objective
and descriptive questions are provided for students to revise the concepts.
Works of several authors have been referred especially to provide relevant facts and
quality information in the domains of soil and water conservation engineering. In this, definitions,
few explanations and subtopics with verbatim, figures were taken from selected sources and
authors don’t take credit for such elucidation.
Authors are obliged to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University for inspiring us to prepare this
document for the benefit of students.
This e-content is prepared for free circulation among the students to read and gain
knowledge in Soil and Water Conservation Engineering.
Authors
Prepared by: K. Arunadevi and J. Ramachandran
,e - Content
SWE 112 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering (1+1)
Syllabus
UNIT I SURVEYING
Surveying and leveling – chain, compass and plane table survey – leveling – land measurement
and computation of area – Simpson’s rule and Trapezoidal rule.
UNIT II SOIL EROSION
Soil Erosion – causes and evil effects of soil erosion – geologic and accelerated erosion - water
erosion - causes - erosivity and erodibility – stages of water erosion - splash, sheet, rill and gully
erosion - ravines - landslides – wind erosion - factors influencing wind erosion - mechanics of
wind erosion – suspension, saltation, surface creep
UNIT III SOIL CONSERVATION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
Erosion control measures for agricultural lands – biological measures – contour cultivation –
strip cropping – cropping systems – vegetative barriers - windbreaks and shelterbelts - shifting
cultivation - mechanical measures – contour bund – graded bund – broad beds and furrows –
basin listing – random tie ridging – mechanical measures for hill slopes – contour trench – bench
terrace – contour stone wall – Rain water harvesting – insitu soil moisture conservation – Runoff
Computation - runoff water harvesting –– Farm ponds and percolation ponds - storage and its
use for domestic and ground water recharge. Gully control structures -Check dams – Temporary
and permanent. Watershed concept – Integrated approach and management
UNIT IV IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
Irrigation - measurement of flow in open channels - velocity area method - rectangular weir -
Cippoletti weir - V notch - orifices - Parshall flume - duty of water - irrigation efficiencies -
conveyance of irrigation water - canal lining - underground pipe line system - surface irrigation
methods - borders, furrows and check basins - drip and sprinkler irrigation– agricultural
drainage - surface and sub-surface drainage systems - drainage coefficient
UNIT V WELLS AND PUMPS
Types of wells and sizes – pump types – reciprocating pumps – centrifugal pumps – turbine pumps
– submersible pumps – jet pumps – airlift pumps
Prepared by: K. Arunadevi and J. Ramachandran
, e - Content
SWE 112 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering (1+1)
Lectures
1. Introduction - land surveying - uses in agriculture - Chain cross staff and compass
surveying - computation of angles.
2. Dumpy level - setting, observation and tabulation of readings - computation of land slope
- difference in elevation.
3. Computation of area and volume – Simpson’s rule and Trapezoidal rule.
4. Soil Erosion – causes and evil effects of soil erosion – geologic and accelerated erosion
5. Water erosion - causes - erosivity and erodibility – Stages of water erosion - Splash, sheet,
rill and gully erosion - ravines - land slides
6. Wind erosion - factors influencing wind erosion - mechanics of wind erosion –
suspension, saltation, surface creep - Effects of water and wind erosion
7. Erosion control measures for agricultural lands – biological measures – contour
cultivation – strip cropping - Cropping systems – vegetative barriers - Windbreaks and
shelterbelts - shifting cultivation –
8. Mechanical measures – contour bund – graded bund - Broad beds and furrows – basin
listing – random tie ridging - Mechanical measures for hill slopes – contour trench –
bench terrace – contour stone wall
9. Mid semester examination.
10. Rain water harvesting – insitu soil moisture conservation – Runoff Computation - runoff
water harvesting - Farm ponds and percolation ponds - storage and its use for domestic
and ground water recharge
11. Gully control structures -Check dams – Temporary and permanent - Watershed concept
– Integrated approach and management
12. Irrigation - measurement of flow in open channels - velocity area method - Rectangular
weir - Cippoletti weir - V notch - Orifices - Parshall flume
13. Duty of water - irrigation efficiencies - Conveyance of irrigation water - canal lining -
Underground pipe line system
14. Surface irrigation methods - borders, furrows and check basins
15. Components of drip and sprinkler irrigation system
16. Agricultural drainage – need – surface and subsurface drainage systems - drainage
coefficient
17. Types of wells and sizes - Pump types – reciprocating pumps – centrifugal pumps -
Turbine pumps – submersible pumps - Jet pumps – Airlift pumps
Prepared by: K. Arunadevi and J. Ramachandran
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING (1+1)
THEORY MANUAL
Prepared by
Dr. K. Arunadevi
Dr. J. Ramachandran
Course Teachers
Er. D. Sudhakar Raj
Er. V. Vigneshwari
TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
COIMBATORE – 641 003.
,e - Content
SWE 112 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering (1+1)
PREFACE
This e-Content for the course entitled SWE 112 Soil and Water Conservation
Engineering (1+1) is an outcome of passion and dedication to educate and serve the students in
gaining knowledge. It is structured as per the syllabus recommendation of the Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University for B.Sc. (Hons.) Horticulture as well as B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture.
This e-content is comprehensive, systematic, organized and shall certainly facilitate the
students to prepare for their exams. Several diagrams are drawn by the authors themselves to
make the students to visualize the concepts. At the end of each chapter, solved problems, objective
and descriptive questions are provided for students to revise the concepts.
Works of several authors have been referred especially to provide relevant facts and
quality information in the domains of soil and water conservation engineering. In this, definitions,
few explanations and subtopics with verbatim, figures were taken from selected sources and
authors don’t take credit for such elucidation.
Authors are obliged to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University for inspiring us to prepare this
document for the benefit of students.
This e-content is prepared for free circulation among the students to read and gain
knowledge in Soil and Water Conservation Engineering.
Authors
Prepared by: K. Arunadevi and J. Ramachandran
,e - Content
SWE 112 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering (1+1)
Syllabus
UNIT I SURVEYING
Surveying and leveling – chain, compass and plane table survey – leveling – land measurement
and computation of area – Simpson’s rule and Trapezoidal rule.
UNIT II SOIL EROSION
Soil Erosion – causes and evil effects of soil erosion – geologic and accelerated erosion - water
erosion - causes - erosivity and erodibility – stages of water erosion - splash, sheet, rill and gully
erosion - ravines - landslides – wind erosion - factors influencing wind erosion - mechanics of
wind erosion – suspension, saltation, surface creep
UNIT III SOIL CONSERVATION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
Erosion control measures for agricultural lands – biological measures – contour cultivation –
strip cropping – cropping systems – vegetative barriers - windbreaks and shelterbelts - shifting
cultivation - mechanical measures – contour bund – graded bund – broad beds and furrows –
basin listing – random tie ridging – mechanical measures for hill slopes – contour trench – bench
terrace – contour stone wall – Rain water harvesting – insitu soil moisture conservation – Runoff
Computation - runoff water harvesting –– Farm ponds and percolation ponds - storage and its
use for domestic and ground water recharge. Gully control structures -Check dams – Temporary
and permanent. Watershed concept – Integrated approach and management
UNIT IV IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
Irrigation - measurement of flow in open channels - velocity area method - rectangular weir -
Cippoletti weir - V notch - orifices - Parshall flume - duty of water - irrigation efficiencies -
conveyance of irrigation water - canal lining - underground pipe line system - surface irrigation
methods - borders, furrows and check basins - drip and sprinkler irrigation– agricultural
drainage - surface and sub-surface drainage systems - drainage coefficient
UNIT V WELLS AND PUMPS
Types of wells and sizes – pump types – reciprocating pumps – centrifugal pumps – turbine pumps
– submersible pumps – jet pumps – airlift pumps
Prepared by: K. Arunadevi and J. Ramachandran
, e - Content
SWE 112 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering (1+1)
Lectures
1. Introduction - land surveying - uses in agriculture - Chain cross staff and compass
surveying - computation of angles.
2. Dumpy level - setting, observation and tabulation of readings - computation of land slope
- difference in elevation.
3. Computation of area and volume – Simpson’s rule and Trapezoidal rule.
4. Soil Erosion – causes and evil effects of soil erosion – geologic and accelerated erosion
5. Water erosion - causes - erosivity and erodibility – Stages of water erosion - Splash, sheet,
rill and gully erosion - ravines - land slides
6. Wind erosion - factors influencing wind erosion - mechanics of wind erosion –
suspension, saltation, surface creep - Effects of water and wind erosion
7. Erosion control measures for agricultural lands – biological measures – contour
cultivation – strip cropping - Cropping systems – vegetative barriers - Windbreaks and
shelterbelts - shifting cultivation –
8. Mechanical measures – contour bund – graded bund - Broad beds and furrows – basin
listing – random tie ridging - Mechanical measures for hill slopes – contour trench –
bench terrace – contour stone wall
9. Mid semester examination.
10. Rain water harvesting – insitu soil moisture conservation – Runoff Computation - runoff
water harvesting - Farm ponds and percolation ponds - storage and its use for domestic
and ground water recharge
11. Gully control structures -Check dams – Temporary and permanent - Watershed concept
– Integrated approach and management
12. Irrigation - measurement of flow in open channels - velocity area method - Rectangular
weir - Cippoletti weir - V notch - Orifices - Parshall flume
13. Duty of water - irrigation efficiencies - Conveyance of irrigation water - canal lining -
Underground pipe line system
14. Surface irrigation methods - borders, furrows and check basins
15. Components of drip and sprinkler irrigation system
16. Agricultural drainage – need – surface and subsurface drainage systems - drainage
coefficient
17. Types of wells and sizes - Pump types – reciprocating pumps – centrifugal pumps -
Turbine pumps – submersible pumps - Jet pumps – Airlift pumps
Prepared by: K. Arunadevi and J. Ramachandran
