DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
(Affiliated to TNAU)
Sagayathottam, Takkolam, Ranipet Dt.-631151.
SWE 112 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering (1+1)
Lecture 1
1. What is surveying and leveling?
Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of different objects on the surface of
the earth by measuring the horizontal distances between them. The measurements are taken
only in the horizontal plane.
Levelling is the art of determining the relative vertical distance of different points on the
surface of the earth. The measurement are taken only in the vertical plane.
2. Difference between Plane and Geodetic surveying.
S.No. Parameters Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying
1. Curvature of the earth Not considered. Considered.
2. Area Less than 250 km2. More than 250 km2.
3. Line joining two points Straight line Curved line
4. Conducted by Irrigation department, Survey of India
railway department etc. department.
3. List out the secondary classification of survey.
Instruments Methods Objects Nature of field
1. Chain surveying 1. Triangulation 1. Geological 1. Land surveying
2. Compass surveying surveying surveying 2. Marine
3. Plane table 2. Traverse 2. Mine surveying surveying
surveying surveying 3. Archaeological 3. Astronomical
4. Theodolite surveying surveying
surveying 4. Military surveying
5. Tacheometric
surveying
6. Photographic
surveying
7. What is the principle of surveying?
To work from the whole to the part
To locate a new station by at least two measurements (linear or angular) from a fixed
reference points.
8. What is Representative Fraction?
The ratio of the distance on the drawing to the corresponding actual length of the object is
known as the representative fraction.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
RF = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
9. Explain where to use chain surveying.
Chain surveying is recommended when:
(Affiliated to TNAU)
Sagayathottam, Takkolam, Ranipet Dt.-631151.
SWE 112 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering (1+1)
Lecture 1
1. What is surveying and leveling?
Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of different objects on the surface of
the earth by measuring the horizontal distances between them. The measurements are taken
only in the horizontal plane.
Levelling is the art of determining the relative vertical distance of different points on the
surface of the earth. The measurement are taken only in the vertical plane.
2. Difference between Plane and Geodetic surveying.
S.No. Parameters Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying
1. Curvature of the earth Not considered. Considered.
2. Area Less than 250 km2. More than 250 km2.
3. Line joining two points Straight line Curved line
4. Conducted by Irrigation department, Survey of India
railway department etc. department.
3. List out the secondary classification of survey.
Instruments Methods Objects Nature of field
1. Chain surveying 1. Triangulation 1. Geological 1. Land surveying
2. Compass surveying surveying surveying 2. Marine
3. Plane table 2. Traverse 2. Mine surveying surveying
surveying surveying 3. Archaeological 3. Astronomical
4. Theodolite surveying surveying
surveying 4. Military surveying
5. Tacheometric
surveying
6. Photographic
surveying
7. What is the principle of surveying?
To work from the whole to the part
To locate a new station by at least two measurements (linear or angular) from a fixed
reference points.
8. What is Representative Fraction?
The ratio of the distance on the drawing to the corresponding actual length of the object is
known as the representative fraction.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
RF = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
9. Explain where to use chain surveying.
Chain surveying is recommended when:
