NURS 611 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1
2023/ 53 Questions and Answers/ Graded A+
Sodium - -Main ECF ion.
-Potassium - -Main ICF ion.
-Mitochondria - -Organelle that produces ATP.
-Ribosomes - -Organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
-Lysosomes - -Organelles that degrade and recycle waste.
-Peroxisomes - -Organelles that break down chemicals into H202, produces free
radicals.
-Golgi Apparatus - -Organelle responsible for packaging and distribution.
-Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - -Organelle that synthesizes steroids and
detoxification.
-Tight Junction - -Impermeable junction; strength.
-Gap Junction - -Junction that allows for conductivity, synchronizes contractions of
cardiac muscle through ionic coupling.
-Desmosomes - -Junctions that hold cells together by continuous bands or belts of
epithelial sheets or button-like points of contact.
-Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis - -Non-energy forms of transport.
, -Active Transport - -Energy-requiring movement of molecules across a membrane,
example is Na/K pump.
-Hypotonic Fluid - -Causes cells to swell.
-Hypertonic Fluid - -Causes cells to srhink.
-36 ATP - -How many ATP are produced in aerobic respiration?
-2 ATP - -How much ATP can anaerobic respiration make?
-Hypoxia - -#1 cause of cellular injury.
-Lactic Acid - -Indication of cell death. Build up leads to metabolic acidosis.
-Reactive Oxidative Stress - -Caused by free radicals produced by peroxisomes.
Antioxidants such as fresh fruits and vegetables give an electron to an unpaired
molecule.
-Hemosiderosis - -Too much iron in tissues.
-Acetaldehyde - -An intermediate in alcohol metabolism.
-Atrophy - -Thymus gland, muscle wasting.
-Hypertrophy - -Muscle growth, CHF.
-Hyperplasia - -Liver cell regeneration, endometrial.
-Metaplasia - -Barrets Esophagus, bronchial changes d/t smoking. Reversible!
-Osmolality - -The concentration of all particles in a fluid.
2023/ 53 Questions and Answers/ Graded A+
Sodium - -Main ECF ion.
-Potassium - -Main ICF ion.
-Mitochondria - -Organelle that produces ATP.
-Ribosomes - -Organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
-Lysosomes - -Organelles that degrade and recycle waste.
-Peroxisomes - -Organelles that break down chemicals into H202, produces free
radicals.
-Golgi Apparatus - -Organelle responsible for packaging and distribution.
-Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - -Organelle that synthesizes steroids and
detoxification.
-Tight Junction - -Impermeable junction; strength.
-Gap Junction - -Junction that allows for conductivity, synchronizes contractions of
cardiac muscle through ionic coupling.
-Desmosomes - -Junctions that hold cells together by continuous bands or belts of
epithelial sheets or button-like points of contact.
-Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis - -Non-energy forms of transport.
, -Active Transport - -Energy-requiring movement of molecules across a membrane,
example is Na/K pump.
-Hypotonic Fluid - -Causes cells to swell.
-Hypertonic Fluid - -Causes cells to srhink.
-36 ATP - -How many ATP are produced in aerobic respiration?
-2 ATP - -How much ATP can anaerobic respiration make?
-Hypoxia - -#1 cause of cellular injury.
-Lactic Acid - -Indication of cell death. Build up leads to metabolic acidosis.
-Reactive Oxidative Stress - -Caused by free radicals produced by peroxisomes.
Antioxidants such as fresh fruits and vegetables give an electron to an unpaired
molecule.
-Hemosiderosis - -Too much iron in tissues.
-Acetaldehyde - -An intermediate in alcohol metabolism.
-Atrophy - -Thymus gland, muscle wasting.
-Hypertrophy - -Muscle growth, CHF.
-Hyperplasia - -Liver cell regeneration, endometrial.
-Metaplasia - -Barrets Esophagus, bronchial changes d/t smoking. Reversible!
-Osmolality - -The concentration of all particles in a fluid.
