ATI Pharmacology CH. 1 question correctly done 2023/2024

Sublingual and buccal absorption - answersQuick absorption systemically through highly vascular mucous membranes. Rectal and vagina absorption - answersEasy absorption with both local and systemic effects Absorption with Inhalation via mouth, nose. - answersRapid absorption through alveolar capillary networks Intradermal, topical absorption - answersSlow, gradual absorption. Effects primarily, but systemic as well, especially with lipid-soluble medications passing through subcutaneous fatty tissue. Subcutaneous, Intramuscular absorption - answersSolubility of the medication in water: -Highly soluble medications have rapid absorption (10 to 30 min) -Poorly soluble medications have slow absorption. Blood perfusion at the site of injection: -Sites with high blood perfusion have rapid absorption -Sites with low blood perfusion have slow absorption. Intravenous absorption - answersImmediate: enters directly into the blood Complete: Reaches the blood in its entirety What are barriers to intravenous absorption? - answersThere are no barriers. What are the barriers to subcutaneous and intramuscular absorption? - answersCapillary walls have large spaces between the cells. Therefore, there is no significant barrier. What are barriers to intradermal, and topical absorption? - answersClose proximity of epidermal cells. What are barriers to inhalation? - answersInspiratory effect What are the factors influencing distribution? - answersCirculation, permeability of the cell membrane, plasma protein binding, Where does excretion take place? - answersThe kidneys. Elimination also takes place through the liver, lungs, intestines, and exocrine glands (such as breastmilk) Kidney dysfunction can lead to what? What is important to monitor? - answersIt can lead to an increase in the duration and intensity of a medications response, so it is important to monitor BUM and creatinine levels. Therapeutic index (TI) - answersHigh level: have a wide safety margin so there is no need for routine serum medication-level monitoring. Low: Require close monitoring of the serum medication levels. Half-life - answersLiver and Kidney function affect Half-life. It usually takes 4 half-lives to achieve a steady state of serum concentration (medication intake=Medication metabolism and excretion.) MEC - answersMinimum effective concentration Short half-life - answersMedications leave the body quickly (4-8 hours) Short dosing interval or MEC drops between doses. Long half-life - answersLeave body more slowly: over more than 24 hr: with a greater risk for medication accumulation and toxicity. Can give medications at longer intervals without loss of therapeutic effect. Medications take a longer time to reach a steady state. Pharmacodynamics - answersDescribes the interactions between medications and target cells, body systems, and organs to produce effects. Resulting in functional changes by the medication. Agonists - answersAre medications that bind to or mimic the receptor activity that endogenous compounds regulate. Example: Morphine is an agonist because it activates the receptors that produce analgesia, sedation, constipation and other effects. (receptors are the medication's target sites on or within the cells.) Antagonists - answersAre medications that can block the usual receptor activity that endogenous compounds regulate or the receptor activity of other medications. For example: Losartan, an angiotension II receptor blocker, is an antagonist. It works by blocking angiotension II receptors on blood vessels, which prevent vasoconstriction. Partial Agonists - answersAct as agonists and antagonists, with limited affinity to receptor sites. For example: Nalbuphine acts as an antagonist at mu receptors and an agonist at kappa receptors, causing analgesia with minimal respiratory depression at low doses. What are contraindications for oral medication administration? - answersVomiting, decreased GI motility, absence of gag reflex, difficulty swallowing and decreased level of consciousness. What are advantages for oral medication? - answerssafe, inexpensive, easy and convenient.