ap final exam latest complete update A+
graded 2024
structure; function Anatomy is to ________ as physiology is to ________.
organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular level of organization from complex to
simplest is what?
cardiovascular Which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense
cells?
intugementary system skin, hair, and nails are associated with what system?
anaphase during mitosis, chromatids are pulled apart into daughter chromosomes at the start
of...
facilitated diffusion the process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells
DOWN their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called
what?
active transport a process that requires cellular energy to move a substance AGAINST its
concentration gradient is called what?
endocytosis the intake of materials from the extracellular fluid using vesicles is called?
interphase when is DNA replicated?
diffusion the movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration is an example of what?
channel proteins water molecules and small ions enter a cell through what?
,osmosis diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a
selectively permeable membrane
homeostasis the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in an organism is
termed what?
translation Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
transcription the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
negative feedback when body temp. rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes
to decrease the body temp. This is an example of what?
nucleus most of a cells DNA is located where?
protons the "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of _____ it has.
protons and neutrons the "atomic mass" of an atom reflects the average number of what?
protons and neutrons the nucleus of an atom consists of what?
neutrons in the nucleus isotopes of an element differ in the number of what?
2 how many electrons does the innermost shell hold?
ionic bond when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite
as a result of the opposite charges, a what is formed?
cations positively charged ions
anions negatively charged ions
covalent bonds when atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they
form what?
polar covalent if a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, what kind of bond
occurs?
uracil thymine is replaced by which nitrogen base in RNA?
catabolism collectively, reactions that break down molecules are known as what?
enzymes chemical reactions that occur in the body are accelerated by?
water molecules hydrophilic molecules readily associate with what?
acidic pH less than 7; less OH-, more H+
, basic or alkaline pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH-, less H+
organic molecules carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as what?
glucose the most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is what?
glycogen a polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is what?
carbohydrate the group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a
near 1:2:1 ratio is what?
hexose sugars glucose, fructose, galactose
pentose sugars ribose and deoxyribose
disaccharides sucrose and maltose
Polysaccharides starch, glycogen, cellulose
phospholipids molecules with two fatty acids chains and a phosphate group that form biological
membranes are called what?
amino acids the monomers of protein are what?
carbohydrates glycoproteins are combinations of proteins and what?
nucleic acids molecules that store and process genetic information are what?
guanine The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA
deoxyribose the molecule DNA contains a 5 carbon sugar called what?
adenosine triphosphate the most abundant high-energy compound in cells is what?
cell smallest living unit within the human body is what?
plasma membrane what is a structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its
surrounding medium?
phospholipid bilayer most of the surface area of plasma membrane consists of what?
hydrophobic the tails of a phospholipid molecule in a plasma membrane are what?
microtubules which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during
cell division?
graded 2024
structure; function Anatomy is to ________ as physiology is to ________.
organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular level of organization from complex to
simplest is what?
cardiovascular Which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense
cells?
intugementary system skin, hair, and nails are associated with what system?
anaphase during mitosis, chromatids are pulled apart into daughter chromosomes at the start
of...
facilitated diffusion the process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells
DOWN their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called
what?
active transport a process that requires cellular energy to move a substance AGAINST its
concentration gradient is called what?
endocytosis the intake of materials from the extracellular fluid using vesicles is called?
interphase when is DNA replicated?
diffusion the movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration is an example of what?
channel proteins water molecules and small ions enter a cell through what?
,osmosis diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a
selectively permeable membrane
homeostasis the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in an organism is
termed what?
translation Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
transcription the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
negative feedback when body temp. rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes
to decrease the body temp. This is an example of what?
nucleus most of a cells DNA is located where?
protons the "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of _____ it has.
protons and neutrons the "atomic mass" of an atom reflects the average number of what?
protons and neutrons the nucleus of an atom consists of what?
neutrons in the nucleus isotopes of an element differ in the number of what?
2 how many electrons does the innermost shell hold?
ionic bond when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite
as a result of the opposite charges, a what is formed?
cations positively charged ions
anions negatively charged ions
covalent bonds when atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they
form what?
polar covalent if a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, what kind of bond
occurs?
uracil thymine is replaced by which nitrogen base in RNA?
catabolism collectively, reactions that break down molecules are known as what?
enzymes chemical reactions that occur in the body are accelerated by?
water molecules hydrophilic molecules readily associate with what?
acidic pH less than 7; less OH-, more H+
, basic or alkaline pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH-, less H+
organic molecules carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as what?
glucose the most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is what?
glycogen a polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is what?
carbohydrate the group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a
near 1:2:1 ratio is what?
hexose sugars glucose, fructose, galactose
pentose sugars ribose and deoxyribose
disaccharides sucrose and maltose
Polysaccharides starch, glycogen, cellulose
phospholipids molecules with two fatty acids chains and a phosphate group that form biological
membranes are called what?
amino acids the monomers of protein are what?
carbohydrates glycoproteins are combinations of proteins and what?
nucleic acids molecules that store and process genetic information are what?
guanine The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA
deoxyribose the molecule DNA contains a 5 carbon sugar called what?
adenosine triphosphate the most abundant high-energy compound in cells is what?
cell smallest living unit within the human body is what?
plasma membrane what is a structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its
surrounding medium?
phospholipid bilayer most of the surface area of plasma membrane consists of what?
hydrophobic the tails of a phospholipid molecule in a plasma membrane are what?
microtubules which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during
cell division?
