BIOM 513
Human Gross Anatomy
COMPLETED EXAM
2024
, 1. What are the three types of muscle tissue and where are they found in the human body? Provide examples
of each type.
- The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac and smooth. Skeletal muscle tissue is attached to
bones and is responsible for voluntary movements. Examples of skeletal muscles are the biceps, triceps and
quadriceps. Cardiac muscle tissue is found in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood. Cardiac
muscle tissue is involuntary and has a unique feature of intercalated discs that allow electrical impulses to
travel between cells. Smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels and is
responsible for involuntary movements such as peristalsis, vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Examples of
smooth muscles are the stomach, intestines and arteries.
2. What are the four types of bones and what are their functions? Provide examples of each type.
- The four types of bones are long, short, flat and irregular. Long bones are longer than they are wide and
have a shaft and two ends. They function as levers for movement and support. Examples of long bones are
the femur, humerus and tibia. Short bones are roughly cube-shaped and have a thin layer of compact bone
surrounding a spongy core. They function as shock absorbers and provide stability. Examples of short bones
are the carpals, tarsals and patella. Flat bones are thin, flattened and often curved. They function as
protection for vital organs and attachment sites for muscles. Examples of flat bones are the skull, ribs and
sternum. Irregular bones have complex shapes that do not fit into any of the other categories. They function
as protection, support and attachment sites for muscles. Examples of irregular bones are the vertebrae, pelvis
and mandible.
3. What are the three types of joints and what are their characteristics? Provide examples of each type.
- The three types of joints are fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial. Fibrous joints are immovable or slightly
movable joints that are held together by dense connective tissue. Examples of fibrous joints are the sutures
of the skull, the syndesmoses between the radius and ulna, and the gomphoses between the teeth and
sockets. Cartilaginous joints are slightly movable joints that are held together by cartilage. Examples of
cartilaginous joints are the symphyses between the pubic bones and the intervertebral discs, and the
synchondroses between the ribs and sternum. Synovial joints are freely movable joints that have a joint
cavity filled with synovial fluid and surrounded by a joint capsule. Examples of synovial joints are the ball-
and-socket joints such as the shoulder and hip, the hinge joints such as the elbow and knee, the pivot joints
such as the atlas and axis, the saddle joints such as the thumb, the gliding joints such as the wrist and ankle,
and the condyloid joints such as the knuckles.
Human Gross Anatomy
COMPLETED EXAM
2024
, 1. What are the three types of muscle tissue and where are they found in the human body? Provide examples
of each type.
- The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac and smooth. Skeletal muscle tissue is attached to
bones and is responsible for voluntary movements. Examples of skeletal muscles are the biceps, triceps and
quadriceps. Cardiac muscle tissue is found in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood. Cardiac
muscle tissue is involuntary and has a unique feature of intercalated discs that allow electrical impulses to
travel between cells. Smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels and is
responsible for involuntary movements such as peristalsis, vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Examples of
smooth muscles are the stomach, intestines and arteries.
2. What are the four types of bones and what are their functions? Provide examples of each type.
- The four types of bones are long, short, flat and irregular. Long bones are longer than they are wide and
have a shaft and two ends. They function as levers for movement and support. Examples of long bones are
the femur, humerus and tibia. Short bones are roughly cube-shaped and have a thin layer of compact bone
surrounding a spongy core. They function as shock absorbers and provide stability. Examples of short bones
are the carpals, tarsals and patella. Flat bones are thin, flattened and often curved. They function as
protection for vital organs and attachment sites for muscles. Examples of flat bones are the skull, ribs and
sternum. Irregular bones have complex shapes that do not fit into any of the other categories. They function
as protection, support and attachment sites for muscles. Examples of irregular bones are the vertebrae, pelvis
and mandible.
3. What are the three types of joints and what are their characteristics? Provide examples of each type.
- The three types of joints are fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial. Fibrous joints are immovable or slightly
movable joints that are held together by dense connective tissue. Examples of fibrous joints are the sutures
of the skull, the syndesmoses between the radius and ulna, and the gomphoses between the teeth and
sockets. Cartilaginous joints are slightly movable joints that are held together by cartilage. Examples of
cartilaginous joints are the symphyses between the pubic bones and the intervertebral discs, and the
synchondroses between the ribs and sternum. Synovial joints are freely movable joints that have a joint
cavity filled with synovial fluid and surrounded by a joint capsule. Examples of synovial joints are the ball-
and-socket joints such as the shoulder and hip, the hinge joints such as the elbow and knee, the pivot joints
such as the atlas and axis, the saddle joints such as the thumb, the gliding joints such as the wrist and ankle,
and the condyloid joints such as the knuckles.
