Class 10 – Peacekeeping
Evalua,ng media,on interven,ons
- Complexity of context
- Subjec,vity of success
- Flexibility inherent in media,on
- Mul,plicity of media,on styles
- Mul,plicity of media,on aims and scope
- Result-focus of evalua,ons
- Confiden,ality of media,on
Key defini,ons
- Conflict preven,on
o Involves the applica,on of structural or diploma,c measures to keep intra-
state or inter-state tensions and disputes from escala,ng into violent conflict
o Adap,ng mechanisms that preempt conflict from emerging
o E.g., early warning systems that bring informa,on something is going to
happen, informa,on gathering ac,vi,es that figure out the poten,al
mechanisms that invoke violence
- Peacemaking
o Generally includes measures to address conflicts in progress and usually
involves diploma,c ac,on to bring hos,le par,es to a nego,ated agreement
o When the conflict is ac,ve you involve different par,es to the table during the
conflict and try to find a peaceful solu,on
o Can be ini,ated by governments, different groups, regional ini,ators etc.
o E.g., Ukrainian conflict
- Peace enforcement
o Involves the applica,on, with the authoriza,on of the Security Council, of a
range of coercive measures, including the use of military force
o Usage of force in order to bring peace
o The force has to be authorized by the Security Council which has rights to allow
the use of force to restore interna,onal threat to peace and security
- Peacekeeping
o A technique designed to preserve the peace, however fragile, where figh,ng
has been halted, and to assist in implemen,ng agreements achieved by the
peacemakers
o About implemen,ng agreements that might establish some kind of peace
o Occurs aCer conflict is over, usually assisted by interna,onal forces and can
have poli,cal, economic, military dimensions
- Peacebuilding
o Involves a range of measures targeted to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing
into conflict by strengthening na,onal capaci,es at all levels for conflict
management, and to lay the founda,on for sustainable peace and
development
o Complex long-term process
o Tackles root causes of conflicts in order to achieve self-sustainable
peacebuilding
45
, - Graph:
o Boundaries between ac,vi,es become increasingly blurred
o Peacekeeping missions might involve peacemaking etc. but can also be present
in post-conflict peacebuilding processes
o Borders might not be nicely separated
§ Not-sequen,al
§ Some steps might re-emerge
Tradi,onal peacekeeping
- Origins (1948-1988) – s,ll going on, but only because they started in that ,me period
o League of Na,ons (Germany and Poland) & UN observer missions in Middle
East & Kashmir conflict
§ UN sent peacekeeping missions (unarmed observers) to the conflicts to
report back to the UN about what was going on
o 1956: first full-fledged peacekeeping opera,on
§ UN Emergency Force I (Suez Canal and Sinai Peninsula)
o 1965: Peacekeeping becomes a recognized concept à UNGA ‘Special
Commiaee on Peacekeeping Opera,ons
- Basis for peacekeeping
o Precise UN Charter basis of peacekeeping remains ambiguous: not men,oned
in UN Charter
§ Falls within purview of Ar,cle 1
§ “To maintain interna,onal peace and security, and to that end: to take
effec,ve collec,ve measures for the preven,on and removal of threats
to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other
breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in
conformity with the principles of jus,ce and interna,onal law,
adjustment or sealement of interna,onal disputes or situa,ons which
might lead to a breach of the peace”
§ So gives some legal rights for UN to engage in peacebuilding projects –
some would argue
o Peacekeeping à chapter VI mechanism, coming under other peaceful means
(Ar,cle 33)
§ “The par,es to any dispute, the con,nuance of which is likely to
endanger the maintenance of interna,onal peace and security, shall,
first of all, seek a solu,on by nego,a,on, enquiry, media,on,
46
Evalua,ng media,on interven,ons
- Complexity of context
- Subjec,vity of success
- Flexibility inherent in media,on
- Mul,plicity of media,on styles
- Mul,plicity of media,on aims and scope
- Result-focus of evalua,ons
- Confiden,ality of media,on
Key defini,ons
- Conflict preven,on
o Involves the applica,on of structural or diploma,c measures to keep intra-
state or inter-state tensions and disputes from escala,ng into violent conflict
o Adap,ng mechanisms that preempt conflict from emerging
o E.g., early warning systems that bring informa,on something is going to
happen, informa,on gathering ac,vi,es that figure out the poten,al
mechanisms that invoke violence
- Peacemaking
o Generally includes measures to address conflicts in progress and usually
involves diploma,c ac,on to bring hos,le par,es to a nego,ated agreement
o When the conflict is ac,ve you involve different par,es to the table during the
conflict and try to find a peaceful solu,on
o Can be ini,ated by governments, different groups, regional ini,ators etc.
o E.g., Ukrainian conflict
- Peace enforcement
o Involves the applica,on, with the authoriza,on of the Security Council, of a
range of coercive measures, including the use of military force
o Usage of force in order to bring peace
o The force has to be authorized by the Security Council which has rights to allow
the use of force to restore interna,onal threat to peace and security
- Peacekeeping
o A technique designed to preserve the peace, however fragile, where figh,ng
has been halted, and to assist in implemen,ng agreements achieved by the
peacemakers
o About implemen,ng agreements that might establish some kind of peace
o Occurs aCer conflict is over, usually assisted by interna,onal forces and can
have poli,cal, economic, military dimensions
- Peacebuilding
o Involves a range of measures targeted to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing
into conflict by strengthening na,onal capaci,es at all levels for conflict
management, and to lay the founda,on for sustainable peace and
development
o Complex long-term process
o Tackles root causes of conflicts in order to achieve self-sustainable
peacebuilding
45
, - Graph:
o Boundaries between ac,vi,es become increasingly blurred
o Peacekeeping missions might involve peacemaking etc. but can also be present
in post-conflict peacebuilding processes
o Borders might not be nicely separated
§ Not-sequen,al
§ Some steps might re-emerge
Tradi,onal peacekeeping
- Origins (1948-1988) – s,ll going on, but only because they started in that ,me period
o League of Na,ons (Germany and Poland) & UN observer missions in Middle
East & Kashmir conflict
§ UN sent peacekeeping missions (unarmed observers) to the conflicts to
report back to the UN about what was going on
o 1956: first full-fledged peacekeeping opera,on
§ UN Emergency Force I (Suez Canal and Sinai Peninsula)
o 1965: Peacekeeping becomes a recognized concept à UNGA ‘Special
Commiaee on Peacekeeping Opera,ons
- Basis for peacekeeping
o Precise UN Charter basis of peacekeeping remains ambiguous: not men,oned
in UN Charter
§ Falls within purview of Ar,cle 1
§ “To maintain interna,onal peace and security, and to that end: to take
effec,ve collec,ve measures for the preven,on and removal of threats
to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other
breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in
conformity with the principles of jus,ce and interna,onal law,
adjustment or sealement of interna,onal disputes or situa,ons which
might lead to a breach of the peace”
§ So gives some legal rights for UN to engage in peacebuilding projects –
some would argue
o Peacekeeping à chapter VI mechanism, coming under other peaceful means
(Ar,cle 33)
§ “The par,es to any dispute, the con,nuance of which is likely to
endanger the maintenance of interna,onal peace and security, shall,
first of all, seek a solu,on by nego,a,on, enquiry, media,on,
46
