EDF 6225 Comprehesive Exam.

EDF 6225 Comprehesive Exam.Functional Relationship - answerthe results of an experiment that describe the occurrence of the phenomena under study as a function of the operation of one or more specified and controlled variables in the experiment in which specific change in one event (dependent variable) can be produced by manipulating another event (the independent variable) and that the change in the dependent variable was unlikely the result of other factors (confounding variable). Functional Relationship - answerIt shows specific manipulations of one event (IV) produce a change in other events (DV) and that change in the DV was unlikely the result of extraneous factors (confounding variables)- this finding is the.... Independent Variable (IV) - answerThe variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment to see whether changes in the independent variable produce reliable changes in the dependent variable. In applied behavior analysis, it is usually an environment event or condition antecedent or consequent to the dependent variable. (sometimes called the intervention or treatment variable) Dependent Variable (DV) - answerThe measured behavior in an experiment to determine if it changes as a result of manipulations of the independent variable; in applied behavior analysis, it represents some measure of a socially significant behavior. (Target behavior) antecedent - answeris the environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest. Behavior - answerAn organism's interaction with the environment. Consequence - answeris anything immediately following a behavior in which we are interested. Stimulus Class - answerA group of stimuli that are similar along one or more dimensions (for example, they look or sound similar, they have a common effect on behavior, or they occur at similar times relative to the response). Stimulus Class - answerYou show a student a banana, kiwi, strawberry and plum. You ask the student, "What are these?" The student says, "Fruit", even though they are all different fruits. Response Class - answeris a group of responses that produce the same effect on the environment. (in other words, several behaviors that have the same function.) Response Class - answerA patient engages in head banging, screaming, and hitting staff which all produce the same effect on the environment; the patient can escape their non-preferred therapies. The 4 Reinforcer Dimensions - answerRate of reinforcement, Quality of reinforcement, Reinforcer Delay, and Response effort. Rate of reinforcement - answeris the number of reinforcements per time Quality of reinforcement - answerhow good is that reinforcer compared to other similar reinforcers Reinforcer Delay - answerrefers to whether access to reinforcers earned was immediate or delayed. Response Effort - answerthe amount of effort a person must put forth to successfully complete a specific behavior and can have a direct impact on the frequency with which the person will engage in that behavior Hernstein's Matching Law - answersays that we (animals including humans) perform behaviors in a ratio that matches the ratio of available reinforcement for those behaviors. The matching law - answersuggests that when different schedules of reinforcement are available at the same time for different behaviors, individuals will distribute their behavior according to the relative rates of reinforcement available for each option. Time-out - answerThe immediate response-contingent withdrawal of opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the immediate loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time; a form of negative punishment. Non-exclusion - answerstudent remains in the time-in setting. Terminate Specific reinforcer contact - answervariation whereby each occurrence of the target behavior immediately stops an activity or sensory reinforcer. contingent observation - answerthe person is repositioned in the existing setting so they can observe what is going on but access to available reinforcers is lost. Partition or Select Space Time-Out - answerstudent remains in time-in setting, but their view is restricted by a panel/cubicle, or select space is arranged to serve as a time-out area. Exclusion Time-out - answerThe physical separation of the participant from the time-in environment when time-out goes into effect. Fixed Ratio - answerinvolve reinforcement after a certain number of responses have been emitted. This schedule involves using a constant number of responses. Variable Ratio - answerschedules involve reinforcement after an average number of responses have occurred. Fixed Interval - answerschedules involve reinforcing a behavior after a set time has passed. Variable Interval - answerschedule involves reinforcing a behavior after an average of time has passed. Differential Reinforcement of High Rates (DRH) - answerReinforcement occurs only after several responses at or above a pre-established rate. There are times when a behavior is already in a student's repertoire, but you may want to increase the rate of the behavior. Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate (DRL) - answeryou reinforce gradually decreasing rates of behavior. This intervention is ideal for a behavior you want to reduce but not eliminate. Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates (DRD) - answerProviding reinforcement dependent upon the number of responses meeting or being below a predetermined limit during a specified time frame. Lag Schedule - answerSchedule where the number of prior responses that the current response must differ from before receiving reinforcement. Progressive Schedule of Reinforcement - answerSystematically thins each successive reinforcement opportunity within the session independent of the participant's behavior. Delay to Reinforcement - answerUsed to develop self-control. Example: Do you want this now 3 points now? Or 6 points later? Compound Schedules of Reinforcement - answerThe combination of two or more schedules of reinforcement. They can occur simultaneously or successively. Can occur with or without Discriminative stimuli. concurrent schedules of reinforcement - answertwo or more contingencies of reinforcement (elements) operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors. Multiple Schedule of Reinforcement - answera compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement (elements) that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time. behavioral contrast - answeroccurs in a multiple schedule of reinforcement or punishment and describes what happens when a change in the schedule of one part of the reinforcement or punishment changes a behavior in an opposite direction in the other component of the schedule. Chained Schedule of Reinforcement - answerthe response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with each component of the schedule. Mixed Schedule of Reinforcement - answertwo or more basic schedules of reinforcement (elements) that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence; no discriminative stimuli are correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the sched