APHY 101 - Midterm Ch. 1-6 (1) 2026.
APHY 101 - Midterm Ch. 1-6
Explain the difference between the study of Anatomy and the study of Physiology -
ANS-Anatomy is the study of structure of body parts/Physiology is the study of function of body
parts
Name and define the levels of organization of life - ANS-Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and
organ systems
Define Metabolisim - ANS-The sum of all physical and chemical events that obtain, release, and
utilize energy
Define Homeostasis. How does a homeostatic mechanism maintain homeostasis? - ANS-The
body's maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Depend on normal concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen, and normal body
temperature and pressure
What is meant by negative feedback? How does negative feedback affect homeostatic
mechanisms? - ANS-Works to correct a deviation from a set point (Tries to get back to the set
point/normal)
Describe the structure of a serous membrane - ANS-Smooth membrane consisting of 2 layers of
epithelial cells which secrete serous fluid
What are signs of aging at the cellular level? - ANS-Impaired cell division and the ability to break
down and recycle worn cell parts
What is meant by anatomical position? - ANS-Universal body position: Standing erect, facing
forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out.
Explain why chemistry is an important part of the study of Physiology - ANS-Body functions
depend on cellular functions that, in turn, result from chemical changes
Atom - ANS-The smallest unit of matter that defines the chemical elements
Element - ANS-Fundamental substances in which all matter is composed of
Molecule - ANS-2 or more atoms may combine to form a molecule
Compound - ANS-A substance made from two or more elements chemically combined
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, APHY 101 - Midterm Ch. 1-6 (1) 2026.
Name the bulk elements of the body - ANS-Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and
Phosphorus
What do atomic number and atomic weight of an atom represent? - ANS-Atomic Number is the
number of protons in the atoms of a particular element/Atomic Weight is the number of protons
plus the number of neutrons in each of an element's atoms
Define Ion. How do we indicate in a molecular formula if an atom is an ion? - ANS-Ions are
atoms that gain or lose electrons and become electrically charged
Isotope - ANS-An isotope is an atom that have the same atomic numbers but different atomic
weights
Distinguish between types of chemical reactions: Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange, and
Reversible - ANS-
Electrolyte - ANS-An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution
when dissolved in water.
Acid - ANS-Acids are electrolytes that dissociate the release hydrogen ions in water
Base - ANS-A compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
Neutral compound - ANS-Occurs when ions of opposite charges attract one another to form
electrically neutral compounds.
How are acid and bases represented on the pH scale? - ANS-Any pH number greater than 7 is
considered a base and any pH number less than 7 is considered an acid. 0 is the strongest acid
and 14 is the strongest base.
How do hydrogen ion concentrations change as the numbers change? - ANS-As the hydrogen
concentration increases, the pH decreases
What is Acidosis? Alkalosis? - ANS-Acidosis = pH less than 7.35
Alkalosis =pH rise in the blood
What distinguishes an organic compound from an inorganic compound? - ANS-Organic
compounds result from the activity of living beings, whereas inorganic compounds are either the
result of natural processes unrelated to any life form or the result of human experimentation in
the laboratory
Give examples and characteristics of the 4 types of Organic Molecules - ANS-1) Carbohydrate:
Immediate source of energy for organisms. Ex: Monosaccaharides, simple sugars.
3/21/2026, 8:55:01 PM 3/21/2026, 8:55:03 PM 3/21/2026, 8:54:57 PM
, APHY 101 - Midterm Ch. 1-6 (1) 2026.
2) Lipids: Stored energy for later use in organisms, insulation, and protection of delicate organs.
Ex: Fats, oils, triglycerides.
3) Protein: Organic catalysts, digestive enzymes, structural protein in hair, structural protein in
skin. Ex: Enzymes, collagen, keratin.
4) Nucleic Acids: Carries Genetic Info and synthesizes proteins. Ex: DNA, RNA
What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat? - ANS-Saturated fats
contain only saturated fatty acids, whereas unsaturated fats contain at least 1 unsaturated fatty
acid
How are the levels (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) of structure of a protein
created? - ANS-Primary is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain.
Secondary is formation of an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet.
Tertiary is the folding of the secondary structure.
Quaternary forms when several polypeptide chains connect to form a very large protein
What are three major parts of a cell? - ANS-Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
What are organelles? - ANS-Small structures found floating in the cytoplasm along with the
nucleus that help with cellular processes
Describe the basic structure of the cell/plasma membrane - ANS-
What is meant by a "selectively permeable membrane" - ANS-Only certain substances are able
to pass through the cell membrane
Hydrophobic - ANS-Repelling water/Not soluble with water
Hydrophillic - ANS-Likes water/Water soluble
Describe the process of simple diffusion - ANS-Movement from high concentration to low
concentration, requires NO energy
Describe the process of facilitated diffusion - ANS-Movement of a substance across a cell
membrane going from high to low concentration with the help of a carrier protein in the cell
membrane
Describe osmosis - ANS-The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Describe filtration - ANS-The process of forcing molecules through a membrane
3/21/2026, 8:55:01 PM 3/21/2026, 8:55:03 PM 3/21/2026, 8:54:57 PM
APHY 101 - Midterm Ch. 1-6
Explain the difference between the study of Anatomy and the study of Physiology -
ANS-Anatomy is the study of structure of body parts/Physiology is the study of function of body
parts
Name and define the levels of organization of life - ANS-Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and
organ systems
Define Metabolisim - ANS-The sum of all physical and chemical events that obtain, release, and
utilize energy
Define Homeostasis. How does a homeostatic mechanism maintain homeostasis? - ANS-The
body's maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Depend on normal concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen, and normal body
temperature and pressure
What is meant by negative feedback? How does negative feedback affect homeostatic
mechanisms? - ANS-Works to correct a deviation from a set point (Tries to get back to the set
point/normal)
Describe the structure of a serous membrane - ANS-Smooth membrane consisting of 2 layers of
epithelial cells which secrete serous fluid
What are signs of aging at the cellular level? - ANS-Impaired cell division and the ability to break
down and recycle worn cell parts
What is meant by anatomical position? - ANS-Universal body position: Standing erect, facing
forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out.
Explain why chemistry is an important part of the study of Physiology - ANS-Body functions
depend on cellular functions that, in turn, result from chemical changes
Atom - ANS-The smallest unit of matter that defines the chemical elements
Element - ANS-Fundamental substances in which all matter is composed of
Molecule - ANS-2 or more atoms may combine to form a molecule
Compound - ANS-A substance made from two or more elements chemically combined
3/21/2026, 8:55:01 PM 3/21/2026, 8:55:03 PM 3/21/2026, 8:54:57 PM
, APHY 101 - Midterm Ch. 1-6 (1) 2026.
Name the bulk elements of the body - ANS-Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and
Phosphorus
What do atomic number and atomic weight of an atom represent? - ANS-Atomic Number is the
number of protons in the atoms of a particular element/Atomic Weight is the number of protons
plus the number of neutrons in each of an element's atoms
Define Ion. How do we indicate in a molecular formula if an atom is an ion? - ANS-Ions are
atoms that gain or lose electrons and become electrically charged
Isotope - ANS-An isotope is an atom that have the same atomic numbers but different atomic
weights
Distinguish between types of chemical reactions: Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange, and
Reversible - ANS-
Electrolyte - ANS-An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution
when dissolved in water.
Acid - ANS-Acids are electrolytes that dissociate the release hydrogen ions in water
Base - ANS-A compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
Neutral compound - ANS-Occurs when ions of opposite charges attract one another to form
electrically neutral compounds.
How are acid and bases represented on the pH scale? - ANS-Any pH number greater than 7 is
considered a base and any pH number less than 7 is considered an acid. 0 is the strongest acid
and 14 is the strongest base.
How do hydrogen ion concentrations change as the numbers change? - ANS-As the hydrogen
concentration increases, the pH decreases
What is Acidosis? Alkalosis? - ANS-Acidosis = pH less than 7.35
Alkalosis =pH rise in the blood
What distinguishes an organic compound from an inorganic compound? - ANS-Organic
compounds result from the activity of living beings, whereas inorganic compounds are either the
result of natural processes unrelated to any life form or the result of human experimentation in
the laboratory
Give examples and characteristics of the 4 types of Organic Molecules - ANS-1) Carbohydrate:
Immediate source of energy for organisms. Ex: Monosaccaharides, simple sugars.
3/21/2026, 8:55:01 PM 3/21/2026, 8:55:03 PM 3/21/2026, 8:54:57 PM
, APHY 101 - Midterm Ch. 1-6 (1) 2026.
2) Lipids: Stored energy for later use in organisms, insulation, and protection of delicate organs.
Ex: Fats, oils, triglycerides.
3) Protein: Organic catalysts, digestive enzymes, structural protein in hair, structural protein in
skin. Ex: Enzymes, collagen, keratin.
4) Nucleic Acids: Carries Genetic Info and synthesizes proteins. Ex: DNA, RNA
What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat? - ANS-Saturated fats
contain only saturated fatty acids, whereas unsaturated fats contain at least 1 unsaturated fatty
acid
How are the levels (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) of structure of a protein
created? - ANS-Primary is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain.
Secondary is formation of an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet.
Tertiary is the folding of the secondary structure.
Quaternary forms when several polypeptide chains connect to form a very large protein
What are three major parts of a cell? - ANS-Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
What are organelles? - ANS-Small structures found floating in the cytoplasm along with the
nucleus that help with cellular processes
Describe the basic structure of the cell/plasma membrane - ANS-
What is meant by a "selectively permeable membrane" - ANS-Only certain substances are able
to pass through the cell membrane
Hydrophobic - ANS-Repelling water/Not soluble with water
Hydrophillic - ANS-Likes water/Water soluble
Describe the process of simple diffusion - ANS-Movement from high concentration to low
concentration, requires NO energy
Describe the process of facilitated diffusion - ANS-Movement of a substance across a cell
membrane going from high to low concentration with the help of a carrier protein in the cell
membrane
Describe osmosis - ANS-The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Describe filtration - ANS-The process of forcing molecules through a membrane
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