Progress Test - Fiche de Revision
I. Understanding Lab Values...............................................................................................2
II. Respiratory System........................................................................................................ 4
1. Anatomy and physiology............................................................................................4
2. Pathophysiology.........................................................................................................5
III. Circulatory System.........................................................................................................8
1. Anatomy and physiology............................................................................................8
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................11
IV. Immune System.......................................................................................................... 16
1. Anatomy and Physiology..........................................................................................17
......................................................................................................................................... 17
2. Pathology................................................................................................................. 18
V. Digestive System.......................................................................................................... 21
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................21
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................23
3. Treatment................................................................................................................. 27
VI. Kidneys and Urinary Tract...........................................................................................27
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................27
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................28
VII. Reproductive System.................................................................................................32
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................32
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................33
VIII. Endocrine System.....................................................................................................38
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................38
IX. Nervous System.......................................................................................................... 39
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................40
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................42
X. Mental Healthcare........................................................................................................ 43
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................43
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................44
XI. Musculoskeletal System..............................................................................................46
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................46
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................47
XII. Skin and Connective Tissue.......................................................................................50
1. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................51
XIII. Infectious Diseases...................................................................................................52
1. Malaria..................................................................................................................... 52
2. HIV........................................................................................................................... 53
3. Hepatitis................................................................................................................... 54
4. Tuberculosis............................................................................................................. 55
5. Meningitis................................................................................................................. 55
6. Fungal Infections......................................................................................................58
XIV. Bacteriology.............................................................................................................. 61
, XV. Personal and Social Aspects......................................................................................62
XVI. Statistics and Epidemiology......................................................................................63
1. Statistics................................................................................................................... 63
7. Epidemiology............................................................................................................ 64
XVII. Pharmacology.......................................................................................................... 65
1. Pain.......................................................................................................................... 65
2. Anticoagulation.........................................................................................................65
3. Cardiovascular Agents.............................................................................................66
I. Understanding Lab Values
- hemoglobin: decrease indicates anemia
- MCV (mean corpuscular value):
- decrease indicates microcytic anemia
- increase indicates macrocytic anemia
- thrombocytes (//platelets):
- decrease: ITP, viral infections (mononucleosis, hepatitis, HIV), leukemia, lymphoma, aplastic
anemia, sepsis, cirrhosis, bone marrow disorder, rapid platelet consumption
, - increase: cancers (lung, GI, ovarian, breast), anemia (iron-deficiency, hemolytic), inflammatory
conditions, infectious diseases, contraceptives
- leukocytes (WBC):
- decrease: bone marrow damage/disorders, lymphoma, autoimmune disorders, immune system
disorders
- increase: infections, inflammation, leukemia, tissue death (heart attack), allergic response
- reticulocytes (immature RBCs):
- decrease: iron deficiency/aplastic/pernicious/folic acid anemia, bone marrow failure, severe kidney
disease, alcoholism, endocrine disease, radiation therapy
- increase: hemorrhage, hemolytic anemia
- haptoglobin:
- decrease signals hemolytic anemia
- alkaline phosphatase (dephosphorylation enzyme)
- increase in liver disease or bone disease (ie. Paget’s disease)
- gamma-GT
- increase: condition of liver damage (hepatitis, cirrhosis), congestive heart failure, diabetes,
pancreatitis, alcohol abuse
- can eliminate bone disease
- AST and ALT
- increase: indicate liver damage but also possibly other muscle damage (heart)
- ratio <2:1 indicates liver disease
- lipase:
- increase signifies pancreas disorder (pancreatitis)
- LDH: increases due to tissue damage (hepatitis, hemolytic anemia)
- liver to organs: impairs endothelial functions, increases ROS production, destroys NO
- albumin:
- decrease: low production of it in the liver
- bilirubin
, - unconjugated: pre/intrahepatic causes
- conjugated: posthepatic causes
- CRP: increase due to systemic infection
- ESR: sedimentation rate
- increase: increase in inflammation
II. Respiratory System
1. Anatomy and physiology
- macroscopy
- trachea bifurcates at T4
- segmental tree (large, small) -> bronchioles (respiratory, terminal) -> alveolar sacs
Cartilage smooth muscle tissue
- circulation:
- left ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> bronchial arteries -> pulmonary veins -> right
ventricle
- innervation: motor with C3-C5, phrenic nerve ; sensory with T6-T7
- cells:
- alveolar squamous epithelium: production of surfactant
- Clara cells: defensive mechanism, weakness in the flu
- goblet cells: mucus production
- cylindrical bronchial epithelium/pleural mesothelium: basic surface cells of the lungs +
produce pleural mesothelium
- O2 binding
- partial pressure corresponds to affinity: lower value -> higher affinity
- binding capacity: HbF > HbA > Mb
I. Understanding Lab Values...............................................................................................2
II. Respiratory System........................................................................................................ 4
1. Anatomy and physiology............................................................................................4
2. Pathophysiology.........................................................................................................5
III. Circulatory System.........................................................................................................8
1. Anatomy and physiology............................................................................................8
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................11
IV. Immune System.......................................................................................................... 16
1. Anatomy and Physiology..........................................................................................17
......................................................................................................................................... 17
2. Pathology................................................................................................................. 18
V. Digestive System.......................................................................................................... 21
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................21
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................23
3. Treatment................................................................................................................. 27
VI. Kidneys and Urinary Tract...........................................................................................27
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................27
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................28
VII. Reproductive System.................................................................................................32
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................32
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................33
VIII. Endocrine System.....................................................................................................38
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................38
IX. Nervous System.......................................................................................................... 39
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................40
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................42
X. Mental Healthcare........................................................................................................ 43
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................43
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................44
XI. Musculoskeletal System..............................................................................................46
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................46
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................47
XII. Skin and Connective Tissue.......................................................................................50
1. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................51
XIII. Infectious Diseases...................................................................................................52
1. Malaria..................................................................................................................... 52
2. HIV........................................................................................................................... 53
3. Hepatitis................................................................................................................... 54
4. Tuberculosis............................................................................................................. 55
5. Meningitis................................................................................................................. 55
6. Fungal Infections......................................................................................................58
XIV. Bacteriology.............................................................................................................. 61
, XV. Personal and Social Aspects......................................................................................62
XVI. Statistics and Epidemiology......................................................................................63
1. Statistics................................................................................................................... 63
7. Epidemiology............................................................................................................ 64
XVII. Pharmacology.......................................................................................................... 65
1. Pain.......................................................................................................................... 65
2. Anticoagulation.........................................................................................................65
3. Cardiovascular Agents.............................................................................................66
I. Understanding Lab Values
- hemoglobin: decrease indicates anemia
- MCV (mean corpuscular value):
- decrease indicates microcytic anemia
- increase indicates macrocytic anemia
- thrombocytes (//platelets):
- decrease: ITP, viral infections (mononucleosis, hepatitis, HIV), leukemia, lymphoma, aplastic
anemia, sepsis, cirrhosis, bone marrow disorder, rapid platelet consumption
, - increase: cancers (lung, GI, ovarian, breast), anemia (iron-deficiency, hemolytic), inflammatory
conditions, infectious diseases, contraceptives
- leukocytes (WBC):
- decrease: bone marrow damage/disorders, lymphoma, autoimmune disorders, immune system
disorders
- increase: infections, inflammation, leukemia, tissue death (heart attack), allergic response
- reticulocytes (immature RBCs):
- decrease: iron deficiency/aplastic/pernicious/folic acid anemia, bone marrow failure, severe kidney
disease, alcoholism, endocrine disease, radiation therapy
- increase: hemorrhage, hemolytic anemia
- haptoglobin:
- decrease signals hemolytic anemia
- alkaline phosphatase (dephosphorylation enzyme)
- increase in liver disease or bone disease (ie. Paget’s disease)
- gamma-GT
- increase: condition of liver damage (hepatitis, cirrhosis), congestive heart failure, diabetes,
pancreatitis, alcohol abuse
- can eliminate bone disease
- AST and ALT
- increase: indicate liver damage but also possibly other muscle damage (heart)
- ratio <2:1 indicates liver disease
- lipase:
- increase signifies pancreas disorder (pancreatitis)
- LDH: increases due to tissue damage (hepatitis, hemolytic anemia)
- liver to organs: impairs endothelial functions, increases ROS production, destroys NO
- albumin:
- decrease: low production of it in the liver
- bilirubin
, - unconjugated: pre/intrahepatic causes
- conjugated: posthepatic causes
- CRP: increase due to systemic infection
- ESR: sedimentation rate
- increase: increase in inflammation
II. Respiratory System
1. Anatomy and physiology
- macroscopy
- trachea bifurcates at T4
- segmental tree (large, small) -> bronchioles (respiratory, terminal) -> alveolar sacs
Cartilage smooth muscle tissue
- circulation:
- left ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> bronchial arteries -> pulmonary veins -> right
ventricle
- innervation: motor with C3-C5, phrenic nerve ; sensory with T6-T7
- cells:
- alveolar squamous epithelium: production of surfactant
- Clara cells: defensive mechanism, weakness in the flu
- goblet cells: mucus production
- cylindrical bronchial epithelium/pleural mesothelium: basic surface cells of the lungs +
produce pleural mesothelium
- O2 binding
- partial pressure corresponds to affinity: lower value -> higher affinity
- binding capacity: HbF > HbA > Mb
