Criminology final exam (Answered) With
Complete Verified Solution 100%
1. ________________ assumes that criminal behavior increases because certain
individuals are caught and branded as offenders.
a. consensus theory
b. conflict theory
c. labeling theory
d. left realism theory
c
2. _____________'s theory focused on the process that occurs after an individual
has been caught and designated as violating the law.
a. Lemert
b. Tannenbaum
c. Cooley
d. Mead
e. Becker
b
3. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance was written by _______ about
the labeling perspective.
a. Lemert
b. Becker
c. Tannenbaum
d. Cooley
e. Mead
b
4. Who is deviance created by?
a. law makers
b. politicians
c. individuals
d. society
d
5. The process by which an individual is identified as a deviant and thereafter
viewed in a new light.
a. retrospective interpretation
b. stereotyping
c. status-degradation ceremony
d. negotiation
a
,6. Criminologists from the consensus perspective maintain all of the following
EXCEPT:
a. where differences between groups exist, law is the neutral mechanism that
helps individuals resolve their conflicts
b. law reflects the need for social order
c. law is a product of value consensus
d. law is a partial system that protects private interests
d
7. Group conflict theory focuses only on those situations in which criminal
behavior is a result of conflicting group interests, which includes all of the
following types of crimes EXCEPT:
a. crimes arising from racial and ethnic clashes
b. crimes arising from labor disputes
c. crimes arising from robbery
d. crimes arising from political protest
c
8. The philosophy and teachings of Karl Marx influenced the development of
_______________.
a. labeling theory
b. consensus theory
c. radical conflict theory
d. group conflict theory
c
9. _________ argues that part of human nature is that people's lives are a part,
and a product, of their group associations.
a. labeling theory
b. critical-radical theory
c. consensus theory
d. group conflict theory
d
10. Cooley noted that primary groups are those characterized by intimate and
personal interactions. Some of the most important primary groups are all of the
following EXCEPT:
a. neighborhood
b. play groups
c. family
d. celebrities
d
11. During the various decision-making stages of police encounters with
juveniles, police react to various cues from the juveniles including all of the
following EXCEPT:
,a. hair color
b. dress
c. age
d. demeanor
a
12. Generally, criminologists have incorporated Marxist ideology in the following
three (3) ways. (Choose the answer below that is not one of the three (3) ways
Marxist ideology is incorporated.)
a. law is a tool of the ruling class
b. scholars need to address the relationships between mode of production and
understanding crime
c. all crime in capitalist countries is a product of class struggle
d. laws are made by the proletariat and followed by the bourgeoisie
d
13. The integrated structural-Marxist theory incorporates all of the following
theories EXCEPT:
a. labeling theory
b. biological theory
c. control theory
d. strain theory
b
14. John Hagan emphasized that labeling theory would likely benefit empirically
from the recognition of what type of relationship between the actor and reactor?
a. reciprocal
b. dissociated
c. separate
d. independent
a
15. ___________ contends that society should attempt reconciliation through
mediation and dispute settlement.
a. left realism
b. peacemaking criminology
c. restorative justice perspective
d. consensus perspective
b
16. Restorative justice emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT:
a. criminal justice system
b. victim
c. offender
d. community
, a
17. The four sides of the square of crime include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. the state
b. the offender
c. the proletariat
d. the victim
c
18. Left realists stress the necessity of a _______ strategy in a capitalist society.
a. crime-control
b. problem-oriented
c. community-oriented
d. crime-prevention
a
19. An example of a diversionary program is ___________.
a. prison
b. youth courts
c. parole
d. state-jail facility
b
20. According to Tannenbaum, the process of making the criminal involves all of
the following EXCEPT:
a. defining the individual
b. stigmatizing the individual
c. identifying the individual
d. tagging the individual
b
21. Peacemaking criminology incorporates all of the following intellectual
traditions EXCEPT:
a. feminist
b. religious
c. critical
d. consensus
d
22. Turk's ___________ (the process of being labeled a criminal) occurs through
the interaction between those who enforce the law and those who violate the law.
a. consensus theory
b. labeling theory
c. theory of criminalization
d. conflict theory
c
Complete Verified Solution 100%
1. ________________ assumes that criminal behavior increases because certain
individuals are caught and branded as offenders.
a. consensus theory
b. conflict theory
c. labeling theory
d. left realism theory
c
2. _____________'s theory focused on the process that occurs after an individual
has been caught and designated as violating the law.
a. Lemert
b. Tannenbaum
c. Cooley
d. Mead
e. Becker
b
3. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance was written by _______ about
the labeling perspective.
a. Lemert
b. Becker
c. Tannenbaum
d. Cooley
e. Mead
b
4. Who is deviance created by?
a. law makers
b. politicians
c. individuals
d. society
d
5. The process by which an individual is identified as a deviant and thereafter
viewed in a new light.
a. retrospective interpretation
b. stereotyping
c. status-degradation ceremony
d. negotiation
a
,6. Criminologists from the consensus perspective maintain all of the following
EXCEPT:
a. where differences between groups exist, law is the neutral mechanism that
helps individuals resolve their conflicts
b. law reflects the need for social order
c. law is a product of value consensus
d. law is a partial system that protects private interests
d
7. Group conflict theory focuses only on those situations in which criminal
behavior is a result of conflicting group interests, which includes all of the
following types of crimes EXCEPT:
a. crimes arising from racial and ethnic clashes
b. crimes arising from labor disputes
c. crimes arising from robbery
d. crimes arising from political protest
c
8. The philosophy and teachings of Karl Marx influenced the development of
_______________.
a. labeling theory
b. consensus theory
c. radical conflict theory
d. group conflict theory
c
9. _________ argues that part of human nature is that people's lives are a part,
and a product, of their group associations.
a. labeling theory
b. critical-radical theory
c. consensus theory
d. group conflict theory
d
10. Cooley noted that primary groups are those characterized by intimate and
personal interactions. Some of the most important primary groups are all of the
following EXCEPT:
a. neighborhood
b. play groups
c. family
d. celebrities
d
11. During the various decision-making stages of police encounters with
juveniles, police react to various cues from the juveniles including all of the
following EXCEPT:
,a. hair color
b. dress
c. age
d. demeanor
a
12. Generally, criminologists have incorporated Marxist ideology in the following
three (3) ways. (Choose the answer below that is not one of the three (3) ways
Marxist ideology is incorporated.)
a. law is a tool of the ruling class
b. scholars need to address the relationships between mode of production and
understanding crime
c. all crime in capitalist countries is a product of class struggle
d. laws are made by the proletariat and followed by the bourgeoisie
d
13. The integrated structural-Marxist theory incorporates all of the following
theories EXCEPT:
a. labeling theory
b. biological theory
c. control theory
d. strain theory
b
14. John Hagan emphasized that labeling theory would likely benefit empirically
from the recognition of what type of relationship between the actor and reactor?
a. reciprocal
b. dissociated
c. separate
d. independent
a
15. ___________ contends that society should attempt reconciliation through
mediation and dispute settlement.
a. left realism
b. peacemaking criminology
c. restorative justice perspective
d. consensus perspective
b
16. Restorative justice emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT:
a. criminal justice system
b. victim
c. offender
d. community
, a
17. The four sides of the square of crime include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. the state
b. the offender
c. the proletariat
d. the victim
c
18. Left realists stress the necessity of a _______ strategy in a capitalist society.
a. crime-control
b. problem-oriented
c. community-oriented
d. crime-prevention
a
19. An example of a diversionary program is ___________.
a. prison
b. youth courts
c. parole
d. state-jail facility
b
20. According to Tannenbaum, the process of making the criminal involves all of
the following EXCEPT:
a. defining the individual
b. stigmatizing the individual
c. identifying the individual
d. tagging the individual
b
21. Peacemaking criminology incorporates all of the following intellectual
traditions EXCEPT:
a. feminist
b. religious
c. critical
d. consensus
d
22. Turk's ___________ (the process of being labeled a criminal) occurs through
the interaction between those who enforce the law and those who violate the law.
a. consensus theory
b. labeling theory
c. theory of criminalization
d. conflict theory
c
