EOSC 116 - MODULE B 2023 Exam Questions
And Answers All Correct And 100% Verified,
Universe is _______ years old based on astronomical observations
12-14 billion
Earth and solar system formed __________ years ago.
4.5-4.6 billion
Biosphere
Thin veneer of life that surrounds the surface of our planet - interacts with other earth
systems: lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and atmosphere.
Hypotheses of life development:
Panspermia
Life was brought to earth through meteorites and comets containing organic molecules.
BUT - living microbes in extraterrestrial objects have yet to be found.
Hypotheses of life development: earth based origin - ocean margin hypotheses
Hypothesis that conditions on the primitive earth favoured chemical reactions that
produced organic compounds from inorganic material.
Miller's Experiment [Miller-Urey]
Mixed methane, ammonia, water and hydrogen in a glass vessel - added an electric
spark to represent Archean atmosphere. After 3 days of running, 20 amino acids had
formed.
In order for something to be living, it has to demonstrate:
1. Metabolism
2. Growth
3. Ability to reproduce
4. Some fort of evolution with changing environmental conditions.
Sidney W. Fox (1912-1998)
Suggested polymerization happened in a rock pool by the side of the ocean that slowly .
gets heated in the sun and evaporates, concentrating amino acids in seawater. They
begin to form linkages w each other and produce chains of amino acids.
Clays
May have had an important role to play in polymerization - microscopic clay may have
attracted amino acids with same electrical charges - clay acts as template for formation
of complex molecules.
Hypotheses of life development:
Earth-based origin: deep ocean hydrothermal vent hypotheses
Oceanic water seeps through cracks in the seafloor and is heated by magma sources at
depth - water heats up and becomes less dense / more buoyant so it rises back to the
surface. As heated water passes through oceanic rocks, it dissolves minerals and
transports them to teh surface where they are precipitated to form vents.
Organic chemicals & amino acids have been discovered - has led scientists to bleieve
that life origitnated in deep oceans, not coastal margins.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
, Contains all information needed in the development and functioning of all living
organisms and some viruses. [ACGT]
Ribonucleic Acid
Molecule that can code infromation - self-replicating, which leads some to believe that
the earliest life on earth may have been RNA based [CGAU]
Limitations of earliest fossils being advanced microbes [1/2 possibilities]
1. Life was brought to earth via panspermia - unlikely though because these fossils
seem to have been well adapted to earth's conditions.
2. We are missing much of early history of life on our planet - a lot of record probably
removed by tectonic acitivty and erosion
Anaerobic
Describes a process that does not require oxygen.
Heterotrophic
Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms.
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. lived in
early oceans and fed on organic compounds that were produced from inorganic
constituents. Produce by binary fission.
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
Fermentation
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen. Simplest autotrophic
process.
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. Complex biochemical
process that would develop a little later in life's story.
Earliest fossil evidence
Found in Australian Apex Chart - fossils dated at 3.5 billion years ago. Resemble
modern day cyanobacteria, which are photosynthetic.
Stromatolites
Mats of cyanobacteria that develop in shallow-water marine conditions. Trap and bine
inorganic grains which help form layered domes of various shapes.
Oldest stromatolites discovered are located in __________ and have been dated
back _________ years.
Western Australia ; 3.5 billion years
Eukaryotes
Cells that contain nuclei. more complex, larger and possess organelles [different from
prokaryotes]. Reproduce sexually.
Great Oxygen Crisis
Transition from a world with little to no oxygen to one that is oxygen-rich - occurred
between 2.5 1.8 Ga.
Banded Iron Formation
Rocks composed of bands of chert and iron oxide minerals.
Prior to GOC, oceans were likely rich with iron and the dissolved iron would rust and be
precipitated as layer of iron oxide on the ocean floor.
BIFs are the world's most important source of iron ore.
And Answers All Correct And 100% Verified,
Universe is _______ years old based on astronomical observations
12-14 billion
Earth and solar system formed __________ years ago.
4.5-4.6 billion
Biosphere
Thin veneer of life that surrounds the surface of our planet - interacts with other earth
systems: lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and atmosphere.
Hypotheses of life development:
Panspermia
Life was brought to earth through meteorites and comets containing organic molecules.
BUT - living microbes in extraterrestrial objects have yet to be found.
Hypotheses of life development: earth based origin - ocean margin hypotheses
Hypothesis that conditions on the primitive earth favoured chemical reactions that
produced organic compounds from inorganic material.
Miller's Experiment [Miller-Urey]
Mixed methane, ammonia, water and hydrogen in a glass vessel - added an electric
spark to represent Archean atmosphere. After 3 days of running, 20 amino acids had
formed.
In order for something to be living, it has to demonstrate:
1. Metabolism
2. Growth
3. Ability to reproduce
4. Some fort of evolution with changing environmental conditions.
Sidney W. Fox (1912-1998)
Suggested polymerization happened in a rock pool by the side of the ocean that slowly .
gets heated in the sun and evaporates, concentrating amino acids in seawater. They
begin to form linkages w each other and produce chains of amino acids.
Clays
May have had an important role to play in polymerization - microscopic clay may have
attracted amino acids with same electrical charges - clay acts as template for formation
of complex molecules.
Hypotheses of life development:
Earth-based origin: deep ocean hydrothermal vent hypotheses
Oceanic water seeps through cracks in the seafloor and is heated by magma sources at
depth - water heats up and becomes less dense / more buoyant so it rises back to the
surface. As heated water passes through oceanic rocks, it dissolves minerals and
transports them to teh surface where they are precipitated to form vents.
Organic chemicals & amino acids have been discovered - has led scientists to bleieve
that life origitnated in deep oceans, not coastal margins.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
, Contains all information needed in the development and functioning of all living
organisms and some viruses. [ACGT]
Ribonucleic Acid
Molecule that can code infromation - self-replicating, which leads some to believe that
the earliest life on earth may have been RNA based [CGAU]
Limitations of earliest fossils being advanced microbes [1/2 possibilities]
1. Life was brought to earth via panspermia - unlikely though because these fossils
seem to have been well adapted to earth's conditions.
2. We are missing much of early history of life on our planet - a lot of record probably
removed by tectonic acitivty and erosion
Anaerobic
Describes a process that does not require oxygen.
Heterotrophic
Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms.
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. lived in
early oceans and fed on organic compounds that were produced from inorganic
constituents. Produce by binary fission.
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
Fermentation
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen. Simplest autotrophic
process.
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. Complex biochemical
process that would develop a little later in life's story.
Earliest fossil evidence
Found in Australian Apex Chart - fossils dated at 3.5 billion years ago. Resemble
modern day cyanobacteria, which are photosynthetic.
Stromatolites
Mats of cyanobacteria that develop in shallow-water marine conditions. Trap and bine
inorganic grains which help form layered domes of various shapes.
Oldest stromatolites discovered are located in __________ and have been dated
back _________ years.
Western Australia ; 3.5 billion years
Eukaryotes
Cells that contain nuclei. more complex, larger and possess organelles [different from
prokaryotes]. Reproduce sexually.
Great Oxygen Crisis
Transition from a world with little to no oxygen to one that is oxygen-rich - occurred
between 2.5 1.8 Ga.
Banded Iron Formation
Rocks composed of bands of chert and iron oxide minerals.
Prior to GOC, oceans were likely rich with iron and the dissolved iron would rust and be
precipitated as layer of iron oxide on the ocean floor.
BIFs are the world's most important source of iron ore.
