Computer Architecture C952 Revised Test 2024

information revolution - answersComputers have led to a third revolution for civilization, with the ? taking its place alongside the agricultural and the industrial revolutions. Personal computer - answersA computer designed for use by an individual, usually incorporating a graphics display, a keyboard, and a mouse. Personal Computer - answersPC (computer) Server - answersA computer used for running larger programs for multiple users, often simultaneously, and typically accessed only via a network. Supercomputer - answersA class of computers with the highest performance and cost; they are configured as servers and typically cost tens to hundreds of millions of dollars. Embedded computer - answersA computer inside another device used for running one predetermined application or collection of software. processor cores - answersMany embedded processors are designed using ?, a version of a processor written in a hardware description language, such as Verilog or VHDL. Personal mobile devices (PMDs) - answerssmall wireless devices to connect to the Internet; they rely on batteries for power, and software is installed by downloading apps. Conventional examples are smart phones and tablets. Personal Mobile Devices - answersPMDs Warehouse Scale Computers - answersTaking over from the conventional server is Cloud Computing, which relies upon giant datacenters that are now known as ? Cloud computing - answersrefers to large collections of servers that provide services over the Internet; some providers rent dynamically varying numbers of servers as a utility. Software as a Service (SaaS) - answersdelivers software and data as a service over the Internet, usually via a thin program such as a browser that runs on local client devices, instead of binary code that must be installed, and runs wholly on that device. Examples include web search and social networking. Multicore microprocessor - answersA microprocessor containing multiple processors ("cores") in a single integrated circuit. Acronym - answersA word constructed by taking the initial letters of a string of words. For example: RAM is an acronym for Random Access Memory, and CPU is an acronym for Central Processing Unit. Terabyte (TB) - answersOriginally 1,099,511,627,776 (240) bytes, although communications and secondary storage systems developers started using the term to mean 1,000,000,000,000 (1012) bytes. tebibyte (TiB) - answersTo reduce confusion, we now use the term ? for 240 bytes, defining terabyte (TB) to mean 1012 bytes. Moore's Law - answersStates that integrated circuit resources double every 18-24 months. abstractions - answersA major productivity technique for hardware and software is to use ? to characterize the design at different levels of representation; lower-level details are hidden to offer a simpler model at higher levels. common case - answersMaking the ? fast will tend to enhance performance better than optimizing the rare case. parallel - answersSince the dawn of computing, computer architects have offered designs that get more performance by computing operations in ?. pipelining - answersA particular pattern of parallelism that is so prevalent in computer architecture. Moves multiple operations through hardware units that each do a piece of an operation, akin to water flowing through a pipeline. prediction - answersThe idea of ? is that, in some cases it can be faster on average to guess and start working rather than wait until you know for sure, assuming that the mechanism to recover from a misprediction is not too expensive and your ? is relatively accurate. hierarchy of memories - answersArchitects have found that they can address conflicting demands of fast, large, and cheap memory with a ?, with the fastest, smallest, and most expensive memory per bit at the top of the ? and the slowest, largest, and cheapest per bit at the bottom. dependable - answersSince any physical device can fail, we make systems ? by including redundant components that can take over when a failure occurs and to help detect failures. Systems software - answersSoftware that provides services that are commonly useful, including operating systems, compilers, loaders, and assemblers. Operating system - answersSupervising program that manages the resources of a computer for the benefit of the programs that run on that computer. Compiler - answersA program that translates high-level language statements into assembly language statements. binary numbers - answersThe two symbols for these two letters are the numbers 0 and 1, and we commonly think of the computer language as numbers in base 2, or ?. Binary digit - answersAlso called a bit. One of the two numbers in base 2 (0 or 1) that are the components of information. bit - answersAlso called a binary digit. One of the two numbers in base 2 (0 or 1) that are the components of information. Instruction - answersA command that computer hardware understands and obeys. Assembler - answersA program that translates a symbolic version of instructions into the binary version. Assembly language - answersA symbolic representation of machine instructions. Machine language - answersA binary representation of machine instructions. High-level programming language - answersA portable language such as C, C++, Java, or Visual Basic that is composed of words and algebraic notation that can be translated by a compiler into assembly language. Input device - answersA mechanism through which the computer is fed information, such as a keyboard. Output device - answersA mechanism that conveys the result of a computation to a user, such as a display, or to another computer. Liquid crystal display - answersA display technology using a thin layer of liquid polymers that can be used to transmit or block light according to whether a charge is applied. Active matrix display - answersA liquid crystal display using a transistor to control the transmission of light at each individual pixel. bit map - answersThe image is composed of a matrix of picture elements, or pixels, which can be represented as a matrix of bits, called a ?. Pixel - answersThe smallest individual picture element. Screens are composed of hundreds of thousands to millions of ?, organized in a matrix. raster refresh buffer - answersThe computer hardware support for graphics consists mainly of a ?, or frame buffer, to store the bit map. frame buffer - answersThe computer hardware support for graphics consists mainly of a raster refresh buffer, or ?, to store the bit map. Integrated circuit - answersAlso called a chip. A device combining dozens to millions of transistors. chip - answersAlso called an integrated circuit. A device combining dozens to millions of transistors. Central processor unit - answersAlso called processor. The active part of the computer, which contains the datapath and control and which adds numbers, tests numbers, signals I/O devices to activate, and so on. Central Processor Unit - answersCPU Central processor unit (CPU) - answersAlso called processor. The active part of the computer, which contains the datapath and control and which adds numbers, tests numbers, signals I/O devices to activate, and so on. Datapath - answersThe component of the processor that performs arithmetic operations.