SAMENVATTING GDP
Inhoudsopgave
1. INTRODUCTION TO GDP................................................................................................................5
1.1 INTRO..........................................................................................................................................5
1.2 CRITICAL RACE THEORY – MARI MATSUDA..........................................................................................5
1.2.1 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION VS HATE SPEECH..............................................................................................6
1.2.2 WHAT IS FEMINISM? GOAL OF BEING CRITICAL?.......................................................................................7
2. REPRESENTATION...........................................................................................................................8
2.1 DIMENSIONS OF REPRESENTATION (HANNA PITKIN)................................................................................8
2.2 WHY DO WE NEED REPRESENTATIVES FROM DISADVANTAGED GROUPS?.......................................................8
2.2.1 POLITICS OF PRESENCE (ANNE PHILIPS)...................................................................................................9
2.3 HOW MANY REPRESENTATIVES DO WE NEED?......................................................................................11
2.3.1 CRITICAL MASS.................................................................................................................................11
2.3.2 CRITICAL ACTORS (CHILDS AND KROOK)................................................................................................14
2.4 WHICH GROUPS SHOULD HAVE REPRESENTATIVES?...............................................................................15
2.5 WILL JUST ANY REPRESENTATIVES DO?...............................................................................................17
2.6 IS GROUP REPRESENTATION ENOUGH?...............................................................................................17
2.7 COMPLEMENTARY ADVANTAGE........................................................................................................18
3. DISABILITY & POLITICAL REPRESENTATION (RUTH CANDLISH).....................................................20
3.1 MEDICAL VS SOCIAL MODEL............................................................................................................20
3.2 MISMATCH BETWEEN DESCRIPTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION.....................................................20
3.3 ACTORS: WHO REPRESENTS AND HOW?.............................................................................................21
3.4 RESULTS ON ASKING DISABILITY QUESTIONS IN PARLIAMENT....................................................................24
3.5 CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................................26
4. THEORIZING REPRESENTATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE REPRESENTED (KENZA AMARA-
HAMMOU).......................................................................................................................................27
,5. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN POLITICS (ANNE VAN BAVEL).....................................................27
5.1 FORMS OF VIOLENCE.....................................................................................................................27
5.2 VAWIP.....................................................................................................................................28
5.2.1 3 WAYS IN WHICH VAWIP CAN BE GENDERED: MOTIVE, FORM & IMPACT...................................................28
5.3 MEASURES AGAINST VAWIP..........................................................................................................30
6. POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF LGBTI PEOPLE IN THE NETHERLANDS AND GERMANY (ANNE
LOUISE SCHOTEL).............................................................................................................................31
6.1 LGBTI REPRESENTATION & VISIBILITY................................................................................................31
6.1.1 INTERSECTIONAL INVISIBILITY..............................................................................................................32
6.2 CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH TO REPRESENTATION...................................................................................32
6.3 SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION............................................................................................................33
7. DESIGNING FOR GROUP REPRESENTATION..................................................................................36
7.1 FIRST GENERATION: PRESENCE, VOICE & QUOTA...................................................................................36
7.1.1 QUOTA...........................................................................................................................................36
7.1.2 RESERVED SEATS...............................................................................................................................38
7.1.3 GENDER QUOTA...............................................................................................................................38
7.1.4 SPECIFIC RESEARCH: VERGE & DE LA FUENTE.........................................................................................40
7.2 SECOND GENERATION: FEMINIST DEMOCRATIC REPRESENTATION (FDR).....................................................41
7.2.1 FDR: THE PROBLEM..........................................................................................................................41
7.2.2 QUOTA NECESSARY YET INSUFFICIENT....................................................................................................43
7.2.3 FDR: PRINCIPLES AND IDEALS.............................................................................................................43
7.2.4 AFFECTED REPRESENTATIVES...............................................................................................................44
7.2.5 GROUP ADVOCACY............................................................................................................................44
7.2.6 ACCOUNT GIVING.............................................................................................................................44
8. CIVIL SOCIETY & SOCIAL MOVEMENTS.........................................................................................45
8.1 WHAT IS CIVIL SOCIETY?.................................................................................................................45
8.2 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS.....................................................................................................................47
8.3 INTERSECTIONAL PROBLEMATICS.......................................................................................................49
,8.3.1 ÉLÉONORE LEPINARD: FEMINIST TROUBLE.............................................................................................50
8.3.2 PATRICIA HILL COLLINS BLACK FEMINISM, INTERSECTIONALITY AND DEMOCRATIC POSSIBILITIES......................50
8.4 WHEN DO PEOPLE SUCCESSFULLY MOBILIZE?.......................................................................................51
8.4.1 POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE....................................................................................................53
8.4.2 FRAMING........................................................................................................................................53
8.4.3 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION...................................................................................................................54
8.4.4 STRATEGIES & TACTICS.......................................................................................................................54
8.5 STATE FEMINISM..........................................................................................................................54
8.5.1 WPA’S...........................................................................................................................................55
8.5.2 RESEARCH NETWORK GENDER & STATE: RESEARCH ON THESE WPA’S........................................................55
9. LEGISLATURES & EXECUTIVES.......................................................................................................57
9.1 INTERSECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE..........................................................................................................57
9.2 VERTICAL SEGREGATION.................................................................................................................57
9.2.1 POSITIONS OF POWER WITHIN PARLIAMENTS..........................................................................................58
9.3 HORIZONTAL SEGREGATION.............................................................................................................59
9.3.1 ‘SOFT’ VS ‘HARD’ COMMITTEES...........................................................................................................59
9.4 PARLIAMENTS AS A ‘WORKPLACE’ LIKE ANY OTHER...............................................................................61
9.4.1 GENDER SENSITIVE PARLIAMENT..........................................................................................................62
9.5 NOW: EXECUTIVES: INTERSECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE................................................................................63
10. WOMEN LEADERS & COVID-19 (JENNIFER PISCOPO)..................................................................66
10.1 SPURIOUS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WOMEN LEADERS AND PANDEMIC PERFORMANCE.................................66
10.2 COVID-19 RECOVERY POLICY........................................................................................................67
10.3 HYBRID POLITICS........................................................................................................................69
11. EQUALITY POLICY......................................................................................................................69
11.1 POLICIES ON WOMEN’S ISSUES (CATEGORIAL APPROACH).....................................................................70
11.2 GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES (TRANSVERSAL APPROACH).......................................................................70
11.2.1 INTEGRATIONIST GM......................................................................................................................71
11.2.2 AGENDA-SETTING GM....................................................................................................................73
11.2.3 TRANSFORMATIVE GM....................................................................................................................73
, 11.2.4 SUCCESSES & FAILURES OF GM........................................................................................................74
11.2.5 EQUALITIES/DIVERSITY/INTERSECTIONALITY MAINSTREAMING.................................................................74
12. INTERSECTIONALITY IN EU EQUALITY POLICIES (SERENA D’AGOSTINO)......................................75
12.1 CHALLENGES TO INTERSECTIONAL POLICY-MAKING AT EU.....................................................................75
12.2 2020 UNION OF EQUALITY...........................................................................................................77
13. POLITICAL PARTIES.....................................................................................................................77
13.1 KEY POLITICAL ACTORS.................................................................................................................77
13.1.1 HISTORY & FORMS..........................................................................................................................78
13.1.2 ELECTORATE..................................................................................................................................79
13.1.3 ORGANIZATION..............................................................................................................................79
13.1.4 PARTIES AS POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES (POS).......................................................................80
13.2 PARTIES AND CANDIDATE SELECTION: SUPPLY – DEMAND - VOTER..........................................................83
13.2.1 WHAT MOTIVATES WOMEN TO RUN?..................................................................................................83
13.2.2 WHERE ARE POLITICAL PARTIES?........................................................................................................84
14. THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, ITS POLITICAL GROUPS AND GENDER EQUALITY (VALENTINE
BERTHET).........................................................................................................................................85
15. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES...............................................................................................................86
15.1 WHAT IS AN IDEOLOGY?...............................................................................................................86
15.2 BUILDING BLOCKS.......................................................................................................................86
15.3 WHAT DOES AN IDEOLOGY?..........................................................................................................87
15.4 SOME CONTEMPORARY IDEOLOGIES: PATRIARCHY, NEOLIBERALISM, POPULISM & DEMOCRACY......................87
15.4.1 PATRIARCHY..................................................................................................................................87
15.4.2 NEOLIBERALISM.............................................................................................................................88
15.4.3 DEMOCRACY..................................................................................................................................89
15.4.4 POPULISM.....................................................................................................................................89
16. ANTI-GENDER POLITICS IN THE POPULIST MOVEMENT..............................................................90
Inhoudsopgave
1. INTRODUCTION TO GDP................................................................................................................5
1.1 INTRO..........................................................................................................................................5
1.2 CRITICAL RACE THEORY – MARI MATSUDA..........................................................................................5
1.2.1 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION VS HATE SPEECH..............................................................................................6
1.2.2 WHAT IS FEMINISM? GOAL OF BEING CRITICAL?.......................................................................................7
2. REPRESENTATION...........................................................................................................................8
2.1 DIMENSIONS OF REPRESENTATION (HANNA PITKIN)................................................................................8
2.2 WHY DO WE NEED REPRESENTATIVES FROM DISADVANTAGED GROUPS?.......................................................8
2.2.1 POLITICS OF PRESENCE (ANNE PHILIPS)...................................................................................................9
2.3 HOW MANY REPRESENTATIVES DO WE NEED?......................................................................................11
2.3.1 CRITICAL MASS.................................................................................................................................11
2.3.2 CRITICAL ACTORS (CHILDS AND KROOK)................................................................................................14
2.4 WHICH GROUPS SHOULD HAVE REPRESENTATIVES?...............................................................................15
2.5 WILL JUST ANY REPRESENTATIVES DO?...............................................................................................17
2.6 IS GROUP REPRESENTATION ENOUGH?...............................................................................................17
2.7 COMPLEMENTARY ADVANTAGE........................................................................................................18
3. DISABILITY & POLITICAL REPRESENTATION (RUTH CANDLISH).....................................................20
3.1 MEDICAL VS SOCIAL MODEL............................................................................................................20
3.2 MISMATCH BETWEEN DESCRIPTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION.....................................................20
3.3 ACTORS: WHO REPRESENTS AND HOW?.............................................................................................21
3.4 RESULTS ON ASKING DISABILITY QUESTIONS IN PARLIAMENT....................................................................24
3.5 CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................................26
4. THEORIZING REPRESENTATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE REPRESENTED (KENZA AMARA-
HAMMOU).......................................................................................................................................27
,5. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN POLITICS (ANNE VAN BAVEL).....................................................27
5.1 FORMS OF VIOLENCE.....................................................................................................................27
5.2 VAWIP.....................................................................................................................................28
5.2.1 3 WAYS IN WHICH VAWIP CAN BE GENDERED: MOTIVE, FORM & IMPACT...................................................28
5.3 MEASURES AGAINST VAWIP..........................................................................................................30
6. POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF LGBTI PEOPLE IN THE NETHERLANDS AND GERMANY (ANNE
LOUISE SCHOTEL).............................................................................................................................31
6.1 LGBTI REPRESENTATION & VISIBILITY................................................................................................31
6.1.1 INTERSECTIONAL INVISIBILITY..............................................................................................................32
6.2 CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH TO REPRESENTATION...................................................................................32
6.3 SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION............................................................................................................33
7. DESIGNING FOR GROUP REPRESENTATION..................................................................................36
7.1 FIRST GENERATION: PRESENCE, VOICE & QUOTA...................................................................................36
7.1.1 QUOTA...........................................................................................................................................36
7.1.2 RESERVED SEATS...............................................................................................................................38
7.1.3 GENDER QUOTA...............................................................................................................................38
7.1.4 SPECIFIC RESEARCH: VERGE & DE LA FUENTE.........................................................................................40
7.2 SECOND GENERATION: FEMINIST DEMOCRATIC REPRESENTATION (FDR).....................................................41
7.2.1 FDR: THE PROBLEM..........................................................................................................................41
7.2.2 QUOTA NECESSARY YET INSUFFICIENT....................................................................................................43
7.2.3 FDR: PRINCIPLES AND IDEALS.............................................................................................................43
7.2.4 AFFECTED REPRESENTATIVES...............................................................................................................44
7.2.5 GROUP ADVOCACY............................................................................................................................44
7.2.6 ACCOUNT GIVING.............................................................................................................................44
8. CIVIL SOCIETY & SOCIAL MOVEMENTS.........................................................................................45
8.1 WHAT IS CIVIL SOCIETY?.................................................................................................................45
8.2 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS.....................................................................................................................47
8.3 INTERSECTIONAL PROBLEMATICS.......................................................................................................49
,8.3.1 ÉLÉONORE LEPINARD: FEMINIST TROUBLE.............................................................................................50
8.3.2 PATRICIA HILL COLLINS BLACK FEMINISM, INTERSECTIONALITY AND DEMOCRATIC POSSIBILITIES......................50
8.4 WHEN DO PEOPLE SUCCESSFULLY MOBILIZE?.......................................................................................51
8.4.1 POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE....................................................................................................53
8.4.2 FRAMING........................................................................................................................................53
8.4.3 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION...................................................................................................................54
8.4.4 STRATEGIES & TACTICS.......................................................................................................................54
8.5 STATE FEMINISM..........................................................................................................................54
8.5.1 WPA’S...........................................................................................................................................55
8.5.2 RESEARCH NETWORK GENDER & STATE: RESEARCH ON THESE WPA’S........................................................55
9. LEGISLATURES & EXECUTIVES.......................................................................................................57
9.1 INTERSECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE..........................................................................................................57
9.2 VERTICAL SEGREGATION.................................................................................................................57
9.2.1 POSITIONS OF POWER WITHIN PARLIAMENTS..........................................................................................58
9.3 HORIZONTAL SEGREGATION.............................................................................................................59
9.3.1 ‘SOFT’ VS ‘HARD’ COMMITTEES...........................................................................................................59
9.4 PARLIAMENTS AS A ‘WORKPLACE’ LIKE ANY OTHER...............................................................................61
9.4.1 GENDER SENSITIVE PARLIAMENT..........................................................................................................62
9.5 NOW: EXECUTIVES: INTERSECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE................................................................................63
10. WOMEN LEADERS & COVID-19 (JENNIFER PISCOPO)..................................................................66
10.1 SPURIOUS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WOMEN LEADERS AND PANDEMIC PERFORMANCE.................................66
10.2 COVID-19 RECOVERY POLICY........................................................................................................67
10.3 HYBRID POLITICS........................................................................................................................69
11. EQUALITY POLICY......................................................................................................................69
11.1 POLICIES ON WOMEN’S ISSUES (CATEGORIAL APPROACH).....................................................................70
11.2 GENDER EQUALITY POLICIES (TRANSVERSAL APPROACH).......................................................................70
11.2.1 INTEGRATIONIST GM......................................................................................................................71
11.2.2 AGENDA-SETTING GM....................................................................................................................73
11.2.3 TRANSFORMATIVE GM....................................................................................................................73
, 11.2.4 SUCCESSES & FAILURES OF GM........................................................................................................74
11.2.5 EQUALITIES/DIVERSITY/INTERSECTIONALITY MAINSTREAMING.................................................................74
12. INTERSECTIONALITY IN EU EQUALITY POLICIES (SERENA D’AGOSTINO)......................................75
12.1 CHALLENGES TO INTERSECTIONAL POLICY-MAKING AT EU.....................................................................75
12.2 2020 UNION OF EQUALITY...........................................................................................................77
13. POLITICAL PARTIES.....................................................................................................................77
13.1 KEY POLITICAL ACTORS.................................................................................................................77
13.1.1 HISTORY & FORMS..........................................................................................................................78
13.1.2 ELECTORATE..................................................................................................................................79
13.1.3 ORGANIZATION..............................................................................................................................79
13.1.4 PARTIES AS POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES (POS).......................................................................80
13.2 PARTIES AND CANDIDATE SELECTION: SUPPLY – DEMAND - VOTER..........................................................83
13.2.1 WHAT MOTIVATES WOMEN TO RUN?..................................................................................................83
13.2.2 WHERE ARE POLITICAL PARTIES?........................................................................................................84
14. THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, ITS POLITICAL GROUPS AND GENDER EQUALITY (VALENTINE
BERTHET).........................................................................................................................................85
15. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES...............................................................................................................86
15.1 WHAT IS AN IDEOLOGY?...............................................................................................................86
15.2 BUILDING BLOCKS.......................................................................................................................86
15.3 WHAT DOES AN IDEOLOGY?..........................................................................................................87
15.4 SOME CONTEMPORARY IDEOLOGIES: PATRIARCHY, NEOLIBERALISM, POPULISM & DEMOCRACY......................87
15.4.1 PATRIARCHY..................................................................................................................................87
15.4.2 NEOLIBERALISM.............................................................................................................................88
15.4.3 DEMOCRACY..................................................................................................................................89
15.4.4 POPULISM.....................................................................................................................................89
16. ANTI-GENDER POLITICS IN THE POPULIST MOVEMENT..............................................................90
