state autonomy is - Answer- the ability of the state to wield power independent of public and international actors Which of the following combinations of capacity and internal autonomy best fits the United States - Answer- Low autonomy, high capacity Ex

state autonomy is - Answer- the ability of the state to wield power independent of public and international actors Which of the following combinations of capacity and internal autonomy best fits the United States - Answer- Low autonomy, high capacity Examples of states that are not or have not been considered failed states - Answer- UK, USA, Japan, India Which of the following states most closely fits the ideal model of a nation-state? - Answer- Japan Which of the following historical events represents the beginning of a modern state in Japan - Answer- Meiji Restoration Fundamentalism as an ideology believes in - Answer- Making religious doctrine the guide for policy making within the state Which of the following is not a tool of mercantilism - Answer- Maintaining a strong welfare state Which of the following forms of legitimacy did not predate the modern state - Answer- Rational-legal legitimacy Which is correct about India's democracy - Answer- It is based on diverse class, language, religion, and ethnic cleavages In Political Cleavages and Changing Exposure to Trade, what are the components of the three-factor model that Rogowski uses to explain political effects of exposure to trade? - Answer- Land, labor, and capital According to Fearon and Laitin in "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War,' which of the following is true about civil wars - Answer- Civil wars are most likely to occur in environments that favor insurgency According to Adam Smith, in Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, how does the division of labor increase productivity? - Answer- It leads to specialization and more efficient use of people and time Which of the following cases qualifies as a state with high autonomy and high capacity? - Answer- Japan Which of the following actions does a central bank perform - Answer- Lower the interest rate to stimulate the economy, control the cost of borrowing money, control the amount of money in economy According to J. Herbst in 'War and the State in Africa' which of the conditions account for states weakness in Africa? - Answer- Absence of interstate wars The UK has what kind of power distribution? - Answer- Devolved unitary state Scotland is an example of - Answer- a nation Political attitudes - Answer- Describes beliefs about the best or necessary mode of achieving political change Which of the following is correct about the House of Reps of the US - Answer- The allocation of the seats reflects the relative size of the population Which of the following is NOT one of the legitimacy types developed by Max Weber in 'Politics as a Vocation'? - Answer- Cultural Legitimacy According to Acemoglu in 'Root Causes: Assessing the Role of Institutions in Economic Development', which of the following is the fundamental cause of differences in economic prosperity between states? - Answer- Quality of institutions In "The New Nature of Nation-state Failure", Rothberg argues that - Answer- Failed states are unable to provide security across the whole of their domains, steep declines in naiontla and per capita levels of GDP is indicator of state failure, and a collapsed state is an extreme version of a failed state The 'Iron Triangle' metaphor is used to describe the alliances among which of the following in Japan - Answer- Politicians, bureaucrats and big business Social democratic ideology _________ - Answer- Tries to balance equality and freedom Which of the following is a tool used by states to restrict imports - Answer- Quotas, Tariffs, Nontariff regulatory barriers The Crown of the UK does - Answer- Represent the head of state, depend on financial subsidies of the government, and represent the historical continuity of the state According to Adam Smith in Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which of the following is among the important duties of the sovereign state? - Answer- Protecting society from violence and invasion, maintaining public works and public institutions, and establishing administration of justice The most basic struggle in politics is the struggle b/t - Answer- Freedom and equality The Council of States is weak relative to the House of People in India because - Answer- The Prime Minister and Cabinet are responsible only the the House of the People Inflation occurs when ____ is than _____ - Answer- supply, demand ________ ideology allows for the establishment of a hierarchy among the poeple - Answer- Fascist In "War and the State in African," J. Herbst concludes that African states are likely to remain ________ and struggle to overcome the issues of state development and consolidation - Answer- weak ___________ _____________ involves starting with a puzzle and then generating a hypothesis about cause and effect to test against a number of cases - Answer- Deductive reasoning Strong states necessarily have both a high degree of capacity and a high level of autonomy - Answer- False What country is an example of civic nationalism - Answer- United States Citizenship is automatically given to those who are born within a states territory in all democratic countries - Answer- False Mercantilism is linked a Communist political ideology - Answer- False The core tenets of political ideologies __________ across countries/contexts - Answer- do not vary dramatically Historically, 'federalists' in the US endorses the allocation of substantive power from the federal government to the local authorities - Answer- False Modern Japans has extremely _______ internal state autonomy - Answer- low The modern UK House of Lords is comprised of peers selected by citizens - Answer- False In 'Root Causes: Assessing Role of Institutions in Econ. Development", Acemoglu argues that the prosperity of a country is more influenced by its ______________ rather than its ______________ - Answer- geography, institutions Traditional legitimacy is built on the force of ideas and the presence of a leader - Answer- false Currently ___________ is prohibited from declaring war against other countries - Answer- Japan In "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations", Adam Smith argues that the greatest improvement in the productive powers of labor is the use of 'competitive advantage' in the organization of production - Answer- False _______________ advantage is the ability to produce a particular good or service more efficiently than other countries - Answer- Comparative In "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War" Fearon and Laitin argue that ___________ has been a far greater problem than interstate war since 1945 - Answer- Civil war Markets are _______ ______________ created by the state and hence can't be controlled by the state - Answer- not deliberately In 'Economic versus Cultural Differences,' Baldwin and Huber find that between-group inequality (BGI) is more important than ____________ in explaining low levels of public goods provisioning, which can cause ethnic conflict - Answer- diversity In the modern era, the United Kingdom is an example of a state based solely on traditional legitimacy - Answer- false What is the level of institutionalization in the regijme - Answer- medium institutionalization What is the level of institutionalization in the state - Answer- high institutionalization What is the level of institutionalization in the government - Answer- low institutionalization what is the characteristic attribute of liberalism - Answer- Limited state role in the economy what is the characteristic attribute of communism - Answer- Fully centralized state-controlled economy what is the characteristic attribute of social democracy - Answer- some state engagement in the economy to ensure partial redistribution of resources what is the characteristic attribute of mercantilism - Answer- Active state management of industrial policy Which country has unitary parliamentarism - Answer- UK Which country has federal parliamentarism - Answer- India Which country has federal presidentialism - Answer- USA what does GDP mean? - Answer- total production within country What does PPP mean? - Answer- considers of cost of living and buying power What does HDI mean? - Answer- Assesses health, education, and wealth of population What does the Gini Index mean? - Answer- assessing inequality within the system Ethnic identity - Answer- generally assigned at birth Citizenship - Answer- an individuals relations to the state Patriotism - Answer- Pride in ones state and citizenship National Identity - Answer- Inherently political; the basis of nationalism Radicals - Answer- Promote revolutionary change Liberals - Answer- desire evolutionary approach to change Conservatives - Answer- oppose change and prefer status quo Reactionaries - Answer- seek to restoring the previous order Which country is the best example of a long-lasting theocratic regime - Answer- Iran Which political system blends democratic and religious institutions - Answer- Iran - theocracy What is the resource curse? - Answer- Having lucrative natural resources, which can hurt a country's economic development and can also lead to nondemocratic regimes Is Iran a Unitary or Federal state? - Answer- unitary In the semi-presidential executive of Iran, who is the head of state? - Answer- supreme leader In the semi-presidential executive of Iran, who is the head of government? - Answer- president What are the Majlis? - Answer- The unicameral legislature of Iran. Sears are set aside for religious minorities and it has a relatively weak institution. Mixed system of SMD and MMD. (290 members with 4 year terms) What is the assembly of experts in Iran - Answer- Republican institution that has 88 members, all male and Islamic scholars, that are directly elected by the people (8 year terms) What is the Guardian Council in Iran? - Answer- * reviews all legislation to ensure it is compatible with Islamic law. * When laws are rejected, the Majlis can revise legislation. * Sort of functions as an upper chamber, and it also supervises elections. * 12 members What is the expediency council in Iran? - Answer- * Mediating body between the Guardian Council and the Majlis. * When legislation is rejected by the GC, but the legislature is adamant about that piece of legislation becoming law the Expediency Council reviews the law and arguments from both sides in order to make a decision. It's decision is final. * 39 members appointed by the Supreme Leader for 5-year terms What is the Revolutionary Guard or "the corps of the faithful" in Iran? - Answer- Paramiparamilitary force that has become an ambiguous political institution. It resembles a personal militia for the Supreme Leader, but it is also involved in other important issues What is apartheid? - Answer- a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. South African institutionalized a political regime of _______________________ through apartheid until 1994 - Answer- White Democracy/Black Autocracy The South African democracy has been a dominant one-party system since the ___________________ has won all the elections since the intro of democracy in 1994 - Answer- African National Congress Is South Africa a unitary or federal state? - Answer- unitary South Africas executive-legislative system is ______________ with a _____________ legislature - Answer- parliamentary, bicameral Who is the head of state in South Africa? - Answer- president Who is the head of government in South Africa? - Answer- president What is the most populous state and has the largest economy in Africa? - Answer- Nigeria Patrimonialism - Answer- An arrangement b/t the ruler and his supporters, who directly benefit from enforcing the rulers will....resources controlled by the ruler and his supporters What countries have been affected by the resource curse - Answer- Nigeria, Iran, Russia... "Scramble for Africa" - Answer- formalized British rule in Nigeria Nigeria has what type of political regime? - Answer- A federal constitutional "democracy" with a presidential system and a bicameral legislature What is the federal character principle? - Answer- Quota system that ensure federal offices are representative of all major ethnic groups in this country Where is the birthplace of modern democracy in continental Europe - Answer- France What various regimes has France experienced - Answer- Absolute monarchies, authoritarian empires, fascist dictatorship, democratic systems Frances semi-presidential system illustrates that they favor _______________________ - Answer- centralized power Frances current political regime contains a - Answer- unitary state with a unique centralized political system of semi-presidentialism Who is the head of state in France? - Answer- The President Who is the head of government in France? - Answer- The Prime minister Cohabitation - Answer- Presidents that lack a legislative majority have tended to appoint prime ministers that along to the opposition. Cohabitation has so far fostered bipartisan cooperation in France, where constitutional stalemates and serious gridlock have largely been avoided Dirigisme - Answer- French political economy: State authority in economic development (including nationalization of economic sectors), a mixture of social democratic and mercantilist ideals According to Duverger, which of the follow is not a reason for the elimination of third parties? - Answer- Strong backing locally Which country is a regional superpower of Europe and the de facto leader of the EU? - Answer- Germany Which state is an important case of late state development and why? - Answer- Germany - World Wars, Nazi legacy, the Cold War partition, and reunification Advanced/Developed social democracy example - Answer- Germany because of its high levels of political participation and highly institutionalized post-material values Germany's political regime is a - Answer- Federal state with a parliamentary system What type of federalism does Germany have - Answer- Basic law and cooperative federalism Germany has - Answer- a weak head of state (federal president) and a strong head of government (federal chancellor) The bicameral legislature in Germany - Answer- legislation flows downward Which is the most populous country and the worlds largest economy? - Answer- China China is a driving force behind _____________________ - Answer- Globalization Chinas political regime has a - Answer- Source of authority through the Communist party which controls with a nomenklatura system of party committees Organizational Parallelism - Answer- Party officials and organizations direct the policy process Main institutions of China's one-party system that effectively decide all policy decisions and appointments in China - Answer- - Central committee - politburo - Politburo Standing Committee Who is the head of state in China - Answer- The President Who is the Head of Government in China - Answer- The Premier National People's Congress - Answer- The supreme political institution of China, is unicameral Special Economic Zones - Answer- Essentially created socialist market economy by allowing certain areas of Chinese centrally-planned economy to function as free markets Which country is the first communist state in history - Answer- USSR What type of society does Russia have today - Answer- Mercantilist Russia is a _____________ state, specifically using _________________ __________________ - Answer- federalist, asymmetric federalism What is Russia's dual executive system? - Answer- semi-presidential Who is the head of state in Russia - Answer- President Who is the head of government in Russia - Answer- The Prime Minister What type of legislature does Russia have? - Answer- Bicameral -- Federal Assembly with the Federation Council in the upper house and State Duma in lower house Which is the stronger chamber in Russia legislative system? - Answer- Duma Shock Therapy - Answer- A process of rapid marketization -- dismantling of Communist centrally-planned economy in the 1900s (Russia) What is an example of a state that experienced the benefits of economic liberalization - Answer- Mexico What is an example of a state that has dealt with colonialism and imperialism at different points in time and through different foreign powers? - Answer- Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party - Answer- The official party of Mexico and ruled Mexico from 1929 when it was founded by President Calles until 2000. What does the Institutional Revolutionary Party exemplify - Answer- a hybrid regime and dominant party state at the same time Mexico has ____ states and _____ federal district(s) separate 130 million Mexicans into aemi-autonomous subnational entities - Answer- 31, 1 The Federal Republic constitution of Mexico strongly resembles the constitution of which country? - Answer- USA Who is the head of state in Mexico? - Answer- President Who is the head of government in Mexico? - Answer- President What is the Mexican party system? - Answer- Conceived as a corrupt system that is hindered by patrimonialism What does the B in BRICS stand for? - Answer- Brazil What is a good example of bureaucratic authoritarianism? - Answer- Brazil during its military era () What are executive politics in Brazil often referred to as - Answer- Coalitional Presidentialism What is Brazils party system - Answer- Fragmented multiparty system with over 28 different parties Despite its rather fragmented political system, Brazil has developed a ____________________________________ - Answer- vibrant civil society Historically, Brazil has experimented heavily with an ________________________________________ Political Economy - Answer- Import Substitution Industrialization What does Stepan, Linz & Yadav say about Political Implications in The Rise of State-Nations - Answer- - Potential conflict between groups (winners and losers) can hinder democratic consolidation & single group states will face fewer obstacles building and the state simultaneously According to Stepan, Linz & Yadav in The Rise of State-Nations, solutions to diversity for nation-state approaches are - Answer- - efforts to develop a common or shared national identity (civic) - voluntary assimilation by minority groups into the broader majority identity - Force assimilation of violent coercion (up to ethnic cleansing) According to Stepan, Linz & Yadav in The Rise of State-Nations, solutions to diversity for state-nation approaches are - Answer- - intro of political-institutional solutions * holding together vs. coming together * political practices and institutions (electoral, legislative, systemic) * multiple, but complementary identities According to Lijphart in Constitutional Choices for New Democracies, institutional choices include - Answer- - Proportional representation vs. plurality based elections - parliamentary systems versus presidential systems - other more institutionally complex systems (semi-presidentialism) not evaluated What does Lijphart say about PR systems in Constitutional Choices for New Democracies? - Answer- - Facilitate emergence of parties based on minority representation (but are their possible negative outcomes?) - Tend to increase representation of women candidates (old data, however) - Stimulate coalitional executives - increasing representation of diverse groups (but can increase gridlock and policy stagnation) According to Lijphart in Constitutional Choices for New Democracies, what system has a high level of stability - Answer- Presidential systems, but they can potentially lead to systemic instability and/or failure What are the characteristics of different types of non-democratic regimes - Answer- - small group of individuals exercise power - no constitutional responsibility to public - "dictates" to the people - no popular right to chose leaders - Limit, to vary degrees, other public rights - ideology may or may not play a role (personalistic, military, religious, etc.) Totalitarianism seeks to - Answer- transform total fabric of society through a 'totals' ideology/approach (rare) What are some examples of Totalitarianism as a Form of Nondemocratic rule - Answer- - Soviet Union under Stalin, s - Hitler, Nazi Germany, 1930s-1945 - China, Cultural Revolution 1960s - North Korea Is Iraq under Saddam Hussein an example of Totalitarianism? - Answer- No! Modernization - Answer- - can be uneven and cause instability - Strong correlation between lack of this and nondemocratic rule (but does not equal causation) Kleptocracy - Answer- - state can become a tool to siphon off resources and to keep power consolidated - rule by theft - state steals $ and pays off to certain oligarchs/powerful groups War, occupation, and imperialism can all contribute to - Answer- nondemocratic rule Nondemocratic regimes tend to have ____________ civil society - Answer- weaker What is coercion and surveillance - Answer- - observation, use of force against people, secret police - targeted harassment, torture, killings, widespread purges - inculcation of fear necessary --- atomize population Corporatism - Answer- - Limited # of state-sanctioned organizations - no private organizations allowed - organizations connected directly to state Clientelism - Answer- - Less structured method - Public exchanges political support for specific favors or benefits - Rent-seeking: parts of state "rented out" to supporters Which leader is an example of personality cults - Answer- Kim Jong Un Can nondemocratic regimes be legitimate? - Answer- Yes How can nondemocratic regimes be legitimate? - Answer- Charismatic (Moa), Traditional (Monarchs), rational-legal (rule by unelected 'experts') Under Communism, the economy is governed by - Answer- central plans What are some economic problems from central planning - Answer- - impossible for government to plan effectively - no incentive for individuals to produce more (no innovation) What is agriculture collectivization - Answer- - end private ownership of farms - farmers instead work on community farms -- lower food production Marxist theory - Answer- Religion is part of the "superstructure", creating false consciousness What country has an example of the Marxist theory - Answer- Poland -- Catholic lent practice What does Acemoglu and Johnson say about real life expectancy in disease and development? - Answer- - In most poor countries life expectancy led to increases in population - No discernible increase in per/capita economic growth despite predictions - situation may be different with HIV/AIDs b/c mortality occurs at different life-stage Malthusian Trap - Answer- Short term gains in income through technological advances were lost through population growth Globalization results from - Answer- connections between states and peoples -- sensitivity, direct links, intensity Sensitivity (globalization) - Answer- events in one state affect others Direct links (globalization) - Answer- actors cross borders Intensity/depth (globalization) - Answer- what differentiates modern incarnations of globalization (long history) What are the 3 new forms of institutions which foster globalization - Answer- Multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations Multinational Corporation (MNC) - Answer- Firm with activities in many different countries Non-governmental organizations - Answer- groups with political goals Intergovernmental organizations - Answer- bodies created by governments Political globalization can affect ____________________ because national governments have the final say over their jurisdictions - Answer- sovereignty International agreements can create _______ _________ ___________________ national government mandated laws - Answer- laws that override Nuclear non-proliferation Treaty, World Trade Organization, and the Geneva Conventions are all examples of - Answer- international agreements that created laws that overrode national government mandated laws How can IGOs impact political globalization - Answer- - may increase capacity if states can enlist IGOs to help (WHO) - May reduce autonomy if states are constrained (IMF) What are the three different interpretations of the New Democratic deficit - Answer- 1. IGOs are illiberal 2. IGOs are democratically constrained 3. IGOs enable illiberal behavior w/in states What are several possible scenarios for the future of globalization - Answer- 1. The Golden Straightjacket 2. Supranational democracy 3. Limits to globalization What is the 'Golden Straightjacket'? - Answer- Economic competition with lead countries to adopt similar policies regardless of goodness of fit or national preferences The Bretton Woods System - Answer- - economic integration - post WWII US project - Includes the IMF, the World Bank, WTO, the Gold Standard The International Monetary Fund - Answer- Stabalizes exchange rates, restructures national debt repayment schemes World Bank - Answer- Provision of loans to assist in (re)development The Gold Standard - Answer- - provided for the convertibility of the US $ into a fixed exchange with gold - ended by USA unilaterally in 1971 What are the benefits of globalization - Answer- - allows people access to world markets and enables them to sell their services to more consumers, and purchase from whomever they want - allows investors access to world markets enables them to incest in places where their assets will produce the largest net gains: poor countries - allows international "offshoring" gives more people chances to work at service jobs previously reserved for first-world citizens What are the costs of globalization - Answer- - Enlarging markets makes competition among producers stiffer, may lead to reduction in quality to maximize quantity and reduce cost - Competition may lead countries to increase their competitiveness by deregulation, harming labor rights or the environment - Capital is very monnile but labor less mobile, so workers cannot bargain as effectively - "Race to the bottom..." According to Marx & Engels in the Manifesto of the Communist Party, the origins of the Bourgeoisie - Answer- - Emerged from the ruins of the feudal system- Their legitimacy is based entirely on the suppression of the working class (Proletariat) - They are the last incarnation of a market based society (the end of class based systems) Marx & Engels in the Manifesto of the Communist Party say what about the Proletariat and Bourgeoisie relationship - Answer- - The proletariat serves the bourgeoisie - The proletariat will revolt and end the reign of the bourgeoisie - The industrial revolution caused its own destruction According to Marx & Engels in the Manifesto of the Communist Party, communist are - Answer- leaders of the working class that are part of the proletarian community and have a clearer understanding of the future which makes them fit to lead According to Marx & Engels in the Manifesto of the Communist Party the economic impact of Communism is - Answer- to eliminate private property and absorb the market According to Marx & Engels in the Manifesto of the Communist Party, the social impact is - Answer- to eliminate social class, region, gender, rural/urban divide, and sexuality According to Ekiert in The illiberal challenge in post-communist Europe, the collapse of Communism - Answer- In some countries consolidated liberal democracy emerged, in others made a complete return to authoritarianism, and in some others competitive authoritarianism emerged Which regime is democratic in APPEARANCE but authoritarian in NATURE? - Answer- competitive authoritarianism Why is Ekiert in The illiberal challenge in post-communist Europe against democracy? - Answer- Because of economic difficulties What does Ekiert in The illiberal challenge in post-communist Europe say about civil society - Answer- - allowed people to have a voice - aided in the creation of democracy similar to that of the western world What does Hale focus on in 25 Years after the USSR: What's Gone Wrong? - Answer- the post-soviet countries minus the Baltics which are moving towards authoritarianism What does Hale say about the legacy of communism in 25 Years after the USSR: What's Gone Wrong - Answer- - Patrimonialism (when a ruler depends on a collection of supporters within the state who gain direct benefits in return for encoring the rulers will) and Presidentialism - Weak rule of law, corruption, nepotism In what country can a successful patronal democracy be seen? - Answer- Ukraine According to Collier & Gunning in Why has Africa Grown so Slowly, what are the four reasons for this slow growth? - Answer- 1. domestic destiny 2. domestic policy 3. external destiny 4. external policy According to Collier & Gunning in Why has Africa Grown so Slowly, what is domestic destiny? - Answer- - Unhealthy environment - Low level of population density and high level of ethnic diversity - High level of natural resources (resource curse) - Comparative small countries According to Collier & Gunning in Why has Africa Grown so Slowly, what is domestic policy? - Answer- - State investment in public sector rather than services - State intervention in critical economic sectors - Strong urban bias According to Collier & Gunning in Why has Africa Grown so Slowly, what is external destiny? - Answer- - Landlocked borders (no trade) - Limited exports - Dependence on foreign aid According to Collier & Gunning in Why has Africa Grown so Slowly, what is external policy - Answer- - High tariffs - Artificially high exchange rate According to Collier & Gunning in Why has Africa Grown so Slowly, what is the main problem discussed - Answer- the domestically oriented policies Acemoglu and Johnson argues that there is a direct link/correlation between _________________________ and __________________ in Disease and Development: The Effects of Life Expectancy on Economic Growth - Answer- life expectancy, economic development challenges comparatists face - Answer- few cases, so many variables, variables endogenous - causes and effect rational choice theory - Answer- game theory to study rules and games by which politics is played and how human beings act on their preferences Freedom vs. equality is - Answer- the driving factor of political system traditional legitimacy - Answer- built by habit and custom over time, doing things because they have always been that way, stressing history; strongly institutionalized - Monarch (Queen Elizabeth) Charismatic legitimacy - Answer- built on force of ideas and the presence of the leader; weakly institutionalized - revolutionary hero (Vladimir Lenin) Rational-legal legitimacy - Answer- built on rules and procedures and the offices that create and enforce those rules; strongly institutionalized - elected executive (Obama) Centralization vs. decentralization - Answer- comparing states, how much power does a state have, and where does that power reside Devolution - Answer- A greater tendency toward decentralization; viewed as a way to increase state legitimacy by moving political power closer to the people, a concern as states have grown larger and more complex over time Federalism - Answer- Significant powers devolved to the local level by constitution, not easily taken away (USA) Unitary states - Answer- Most or all power resides with the central government (Britain & Japan) Autonomy - Answer- ability to act free from direct public interference Capacity - Answer- ability of states to get things done high capacity, high autonomy - Answer- state able to fulfill basic tasks with a minimum of public intervention; power highly centralized; strong state high capacity, low autonomy - Answer- state able to fulfill basic tasks, but public plays a direct role in determining policy and is able to limit state power and scope of activity Low capacity, high autonomy - Answer- state is able to function with a minimum of public interference of direct control, but its capacity to fulfill basic tasks is limited Low capacity, low autonomy - Answer- state lacks the ability to fulfill basic tasks and is subject to direct public control and interference - power highly decentralized among state and non state actors; weak Comparative politics - Answer- study & comparison of politics across countries What are the systems of legislative-executive relations - Answer- parliamentary system, presidential system, semi-presidential system proportional representation (PR) - Answer- - relies on multi-member districts (MMDs), more than one seat is contested in each district - South Africa, Brazil - most commonly used Single-member districts (SMDS) - Answer- - one seat is contested for each constituency - UK, France, USA, India, Nigeria - less commonly used Mixed systems (SMD & MMD) - Answer- - combination of SMD & PR - Germany, Russia, Mexico What are the political attitudes - Answer- radical, liberal, conservative, reactionary what are the political ideologies? - Answer- anarchism, liberalism, Communism, facism What is the oldest democracy of the world? - Answer- the UK What are England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland referred to as? - Answer- Nations Common Law - Answer- The basis of legal system (UK & USA)