Histology lab (FINAL)
Loose connective tissues
- Where is the loose connective tissue found? Under the epithelial surfaces/under the
dermis layer
- How can the loose connective tissue be distinguished/identified? By their vascularit and
cellularity where they have a lot of cells and vessels
- What are the characteristics of loose connective tissues? A lot of ground substance a
small amount of fibres
- What types of fibres does it have? It has collagen type 1 and elastic fibres
- What is it rich in? It is rich in cells, vessels and nerves
- In what special C.T is it found in? It is found in reticular, mucus and adipose C.T
- State an example.
- How are the elements packed? Loosely packes
Dense regular connective tissues
- State an example. Tendons and ligaments
- What types of fibres does it have (answer with reference to different examples)?
Ligaments has elastic fibres and collagen type 1 whereas tendons only hve elastic fibres
- What is the shape of their nuclei?
- What are its characteristics? They have a lot of fibres with less ground substance. They
have a few fibroblasts
- How are the elements packed? Tightly packes
- Describe the sectioning/direction. Parallel longitudinal sectuin
Dense irregular connective tissues
- State an example. The dermis of the skin
- Describe the direction/sectioning. Longitudinal, cross section and oblique.
- Where is it found?
- What types of fibres are present? Elastic, reticular and collagen type 1
- What are its characteristics? It has
Adipose loose connective tissue
- Describe the shape of the nucleus.
- What are its characteristics?
- What fibres are present?
- Where is it found? In the wall of the aorta
- What does it consist of?
Reticular loose connective tissue
- What does it consist of?
- What makes up the reticular fibres?
- What are its characteristics?
- What are the fine fibers mostly useful for?
- Where is it found? In liver, lymph nodes, spleen and kidney
Elastic dense connective tissue
- What does it contain?
- State an example/where is it found?
- What are its characteristics?
- What are the red structures?
,IBS LAB:
Cranial bones
- How many cranial bones are there?
- State the paired and the unpaired ones.
- How many facial bones are there?
- State the paired and the unpaired ones.
- State the skull cavities.
- What makes the paranasal sinuses?
- \Name the joints in the skull and their location
Vertebral column
- State the curvature regions in the spine.
- Which of these are secondary/primary curvatures
- What is the intervertebral disc made from?
- State the main features of a typical vertebra.
Thoracic cage
- What does the thorax form? Upper part of the trunk of the body
- What is the skeleton of the thorax called?
- What is the thoracic cage designed for?
- What is the thoracic cage formed by anteriorly? Sternum and ribs
- What is the thoracic cage formed posteriorly?
- What is the thoracic cage formed by on each side?
- Which ribs are the “true ribs”? Why?
- Which ones are the “false ribs”? Why?
- What are the 11&12th ribs known as?
- What is the function of the thoracic cage? Protection of
- Label a middle rib.
- What are the gaps between the ribs called?
- How many ribs on each side?
- What ribs are more oblique? What ribs are less oblique?
- Where is the maximum obliquity?
- What ribs are typical?
- What ribs are atypical?
Upper limb
- What does the pectoral girdle consist of?
- How many bones do the carpals have?
- How many bones do the metacarpals have?
- How many bones do the phalanges have?
Integrated biological sciences:
Hyoid bone:
- Hyoid bone is a part of what skeleton?
- Where is it located? Anterior or posterior? Between what bones?
- What is it suspended from? By what?
,- What bones does the hyoid articulate with?
- What is its function?
- What does the hyoid bone consist of?
Vertebral column:
- What are other names for the vertebral column?
- How much of the height does it make?
- What is the vertebral column composed of?
- What are the 5 functions of the vertebral column?
- How many vertebrae are there during development?
- How many vertebrae do adults have?
- Why do the numbers of vertebrates decrease as we age?
- What regions of the vertebrae fuse together?
- How many regions do the vertebrae have? What are their names?
- How many bones does the cervical vertebrae have?
- How many bones do the thoracic vertebrae have?
- How many bones do the lumbar vertebrae have?
- How many bones do the sacrum vertebrae have?
- How many bones do the coccyx vertebrae have?
- What does the sacrum vertebrae consist of?
- What does the coccyx vertebrae consist of?
- What are the names of C1 & C2?
Curves of the vertebral column:
- What are the four natural curves in the vertebral column?
- What curves are convex
- What curves are concave?
- What are the primary curves? Why are they called primary? Thoracic and the sacral as
they retain the original curvature of the fetal life
- What are the secondary curves? Why are they called secondary?
- Describe the curve of the fetus?
- What is the function of the curves?
Abnormal curves of the vertebral column?
- What are three different types of abnormal curves in the vertebral column?
- What causes scoliosis?
- What causes kyphosis?
- What causes lordosis?
Ligaments of the vertebral column
- Describe the longitudinal ligaments. Run as continuous bands from the front and back
surface from neck to sacrum.
- What are the three types of ligaments of the vertebral column?
- What is the function of anterior longitudinal ligaments? Prevent hypertension of the spine
- What is the function of posterior longitudinal ligaments? Resist the hypertension of the
spine
- What are the posterior longitudinal ligaments attached to? The discs only
- What are the anterior longitudinal ligaments attached to? The bony vertebrae and the
discs
, - What is the function of ligamentum flavum?
- Describe the ligamentum flavum.
Intervertebral discs
- Where are vertebral discs found?
- What does the inferior and superior surface of the disc consist of?
- What are the two regions found in the discs?
- What is the function of the intervertebral discs? Form strong joints, permit flexion,
extension and lateral bending of the spine
- What is the annulus fibrosus?
- What is the nucleus pulposus?
Herniated disc
- Where does it mostly occur?
- What occurs in patients with herniated disc?
- Where is the pain radiated to?
- Compression of which nerve?
Sciatica
- What is the most common cause of sciatica?
- What is sciatica?
Parts of the vertebra
- What are the two parts of the typical vertebra?
- What is the vertebral body?
- Why do the vertebral bodies have rough inferior and superior surfaces?
- What are pedicles?
- What forms the vertebral arch?
- Where does the vertebral arch extend from?
- What forms the vertebral foramen?
- What foes the vertebral foramen surround
- What does it contain?
- How is the vertebral/spinal canal formed?
- What are the vertebral notches? How are they arranged?
- What is the intervertebral foramen?
- What is the function of the intervertebral foramen?
- How many processes arise from the vertebral arch?
- How many transverse processes do we have?
- How many spinous processes do we have?
- How many articulator processes do we have?
- Where do the transverse processes extend from?
- Where does the single spinous process extend from?
- What are the two different types of articulator processes?
- What is the function of the articulator processes?
- What are the functions of the spinous and transverse processes?
- What are facets?
Movements of the spine
- What are the 4 different movements of the spine?
- What is spine flexion?
Loose connective tissues
- Where is the loose connective tissue found? Under the epithelial surfaces/under the
dermis layer
- How can the loose connective tissue be distinguished/identified? By their vascularit and
cellularity where they have a lot of cells and vessels
- What are the characteristics of loose connective tissues? A lot of ground substance a
small amount of fibres
- What types of fibres does it have? It has collagen type 1 and elastic fibres
- What is it rich in? It is rich in cells, vessels and nerves
- In what special C.T is it found in? It is found in reticular, mucus and adipose C.T
- State an example.
- How are the elements packed? Loosely packes
Dense regular connective tissues
- State an example. Tendons and ligaments
- What types of fibres does it have (answer with reference to different examples)?
Ligaments has elastic fibres and collagen type 1 whereas tendons only hve elastic fibres
- What is the shape of their nuclei?
- What are its characteristics? They have a lot of fibres with less ground substance. They
have a few fibroblasts
- How are the elements packed? Tightly packes
- Describe the sectioning/direction. Parallel longitudinal sectuin
Dense irregular connective tissues
- State an example. The dermis of the skin
- Describe the direction/sectioning. Longitudinal, cross section and oblique.
- Where is it found?
- What types of fibres are present? Elastic, reticular and collagen type 1
- What are its characteristics? It has
Adipose loose connective tissue
- Describe the shape of the nucleus.
- What are its characteristics?
- What fibres are present?
- Where is it found? In the wall of the aorta
- What does it consist of?
Reticular loose connective tissue
- What does it consist of?
- What makes up the reticular fibres?
- What are its characteristics?
- What are the fine fibers mostly useful for?
- Where is it found? In liver, lymph nodes, spleen and kidney
Elastic dense connective tissue
- What does it contain?
- State an example/where is it found?
- What are its characteristics?
- What are the red structures?
,IBS LAB:
Cranial bones
- How many cranial bones are there?
- State the paired and the unpaired ones.
- How many facial bones are there?
- State the paired and the unpaired ones.
- State the skull cavities.
- What makes the paranasal sinuses?
- \Name the joints in the skull and their location
Vertebral column
- State the curvature regions in the spine.
- Which of these are secondary/primary curvatures
- What is the intervertebral disc made from?
- State the main features of a typical vertebra.
Thoracic cage
- What does the thorax form? Upper part of the trunk of the body
- What is the skeleton of the thorax called?
- What is the thoracic cage designed for?
- What is the thoracic cage formed by anteriorly? Sternum and ribs
- What is the thoracic cage formed posteriorly?
- What is the thoracic cage formed by on each side?
- Which ribs are the “true ribs”? Why?
- Which ones are the “false ribs”? Why?
- What are the 11&12th ribs known as?
- What is the function of the thoracic cage? Protection of
- Label a middle rib.
- What are the gaps between the ribs called?
- How many ribs on each side?
- What ribs are more oblique? What ribs are less oblique?
- Where is the maximum obliquity?
- What ribs are typical?
- What ribs are atypical?
Upper limb
- What does the pectoral girdle consist of?
- How many bones do the carpals have?
- How many bones do the metacarpals have?
- How many bones do the phalanges have?
Integrated biological sciences:
Hyoid bone:
- Hyoid bone is a part of what skeleton?
- Where is it located? Anterior or posterior? Between what bones?
- What is it suspended from? By what?
,- What bones does the hyoid articulate with?
- What is its function?
- What does the hyoid bone consist of?
Vertebral column:
- What are other names for the vertebral column?
- How much of the height does it make?
- What is the vertebral column composed of?
- What are the 5 functions of the vertebral column?
- How many vertebrae are there during development?
- How many vertebrae do adults have?
- Why do the numbers of vertebrates decrease as we age?
- What regions of the vertebrae fuse together?
- How many regions do the vertebrae have? What are their names?
- How many bones does the cervical vertebrae have?
- How many bones do the thoracic vertebrae have?
- How many bones do the lumbar vertebrae have?
- How many bones do the sacrum vertebrae have?
- How many bones do the coccyx vertebrae have?
- What does the sacrum vertebrae consist of?
- What does the coccyx vertebrae consist of?
- What are the names of C1 & C2?
Curves of the vertebral column:
- What are the four natural curves in the vertebral column?
- What curves are convex
- What curves are concave?
- What are the primary curves? Why are they called primary? Thoracic and the sacral as
they retain the original curvature of the fetal life
- What are the secondary curves? Why are they called secondary?
- Describe the curve of the fetus?
- What is the function of the curves?
Abnormal curves of the vertebral column?
- What are three different types of abnormal curves in the vertebral column?
- What causes scoliosis?
- What causes kyphosis?
- What causes lordosis?
Ligaments of the vertebral column
- Describe the longitudinal ligaments. Run as continuous bands from the front and back
surface from neck to sacrum.
- What are the three types of ligaments of the vertebral column?
- What is the function of anterior longitudinal ligaments? Prevent hypertension of the spine
- What is the function of posterior longitudinal ligaments? Resist the hypertension of the
spine
- What are the posterior longitudinal ligaments attached to? The discs only
- What are the anterior longitudinal ligaments attached to? The bony vertebrae and the
discs
, - What is the function of ligamentum flavum?
- Describe the ligamentum flavum.
Intervertebral discs
- Where are vertebral discs found?
- What does the inferior and superior surface of the disc consist of?
- What are the two regions found in the discs?
- What is the function of the intervertebral discs? Form strong joints, permit flexion,
extension and lateral bending of the spine
- What is the annulus fibrosus?
- What is the nucleus pulposus?
Herniated disc
- Where does it mostly occur?
- What occurs in patients with herniated disc?
- Where is the pain radiated to?
- Compression of which nerve?
Sciatica
- What is the most common cause of sciatica?
- What is sciatica?
Parts of the vertebra
- What are the two parts of the typical vertebra?
- What is the vertebral body?
- Why do the vertebral bodies have rough inferior and superior surfaces?
- What are pedicles?
- What forms the vertebral arch?
- Where does the vertebral arch extend from?
- What forms the vertebral foramen?
- What foes the vertebral foramen surround
- What does it contain?
- How is the vertebral/spinal canal formed?
- What are the vertebral notches? How are they arranged?
- What is the intervertebral foramen?
- What is the function of the intervertebral foramen?
- How many processes arise from the vertebral arch?
- How many transverse processes do we have?
- How many spinous processes do we have?
- How many articulator processes do we have?
- Where do the transverse processes extend from?
- Where does the single spinous process extend from?
- What are the two different types of articulator processes?
- What is the function of the articulator processes?
- What are the functions of the spinous and transverse processes?
- What are facets?
Movements of the spine
- What are the 4 different movements of the spine?
- What is spine flexion?
