Microbiology EXAM 1 (Chapters 1,3,4 and 6) Questions
With Complete Answers.
microobiology
The study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye is _______
viruses, bacteria, algae, protozoa, fungi and helminths
What are the six major groups of microorganisms?
3.5 billion years ago
Single celled organisms arose ______ million years ago and have been shaping our
earth ever since
Eukaryotes = have a true nucleus (include protozoa, fungi, plants and animals)
Prokaryotes= lack a true nucleus, include bacteria and archae
The two main divisions of single celled organisms are? meaning? Each group includes
which kingdoms?
Ubiquitous means found everywhere-
land, water, oceans, ice caps, deserts, deep sea vents
What does it mean to say bacteria are ubiquitous? Give examples
bacteria- Food, beer and wine production.
fungi- antibiotics
How do humans use microorganisms? Examples
biotechnology- manipulation for production of products
Genetic engineering- GMOs
recombinant DNA- E. coli making human insulin
bioremediation- cleaning up oil spills
Give an example of how humans use microorganism fin biotechnology?
genetic engineering?
recombinant DNA?
bioremediation?
any agent, such as a bacteria, virus, algae, protist or fungi that causes disease
(nearly 2000 different microbes are pathogenic)
What is a pathogen?
Plasmodium falciparum- pathogenic protists
transmitted by mosquitoes
700,000-1.2 million people killed annually
netting for prevention
What causes malaria? How severe is this disease? Prevention?
*Gastric ulcers
*links between bacteria, viruses and cancers
* virus and diabetes
Diseases once thought noninfectious are now found to be caused by microbes.
Examples
soil and water
The majority of microorganisms live in __________ and __________ and are either
harmless or beneficial.
An organism that is harbored in or on another (a host) and causes harm.
,What is a parasite?
belief that life can come from non-life
Redi (1600s) and Pasteur (1800s) disproved
What is spontaneous generation? Who and when was it disproved?
Hooke- make first microscope 1600s, named "cells"
Antonie van Leewenhoek- made a crude microscope, saw "animalcules" in
rainwater and scraped teeth
Development of the microscope-
Hooke?
Antonie van Leewenhoek
1980s- Discovery of restriction enzymes.
1980s- invention of the PCR technique, copies of DNA
1980s + - importance of biofilms in infectious diseases
2000s- importance of small RNAs
What are some of the exciting research and findings in the century of biology?
1970s Discovery of _________ enzymes
1980s invention of the _____ technique for making multiple copies of DNA.
1980s and beyond- the importance of ________ in infection disease
2000s- the importance of small ______
John Tyndall- microbes in dust and air have high heat
resistance
Ferdinand Cohn- discovered endospores
- sterile= completely free of all life
including endospores and
virus particles
What contribution did these men make to the discovery of spores and sterilization?
* John Tyndall
* Ferdinand Cohn
Koch- linked a specific microorganism to a disease
Anthrax to Bacillus anthracis
Holmes and Semmelweis- showed connection between maternity ward women's
infections and doctors who had been working in the autopsy room
What contribution did these men make to the discovery of spores and sterilization?
* Robert Koch
* Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes and Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
Lister- first to utilize hand washing and misting with
antiseptic chemicals in operating room
- techniques became the foundations of modern
microbial control
What contribution did these men make to the development of aseptic techniques?
*Joseph Lister
, Pasteur- invented pasteurization, vaccine for rabies, showed human diseases
could arise from infection
Koch- germ theory of disease, Koch's Postulates
What contribution did these men make to the development of aseptic techniques?
* Pasteur
*Robert Koch
Division, Kingdom, Phylum, (Division), Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Underline Genus species name or italicize
Capital Genus name and lowercase species name
May abbreviate genus name if already stated H. sapien
What is the system for naming/classification?
Inoculation
Incubation
Isolation
Inspection
Identification
What are the Five I's?
culture= to grow
medium= nutrient rich material for growing microbes
inoculation= introduce microbes
sterile= free of life
Briefly define/describe each of the words as it pertains to inoculation.
*culture
* medium
* inoculation
*sterile
20-40 degrees celcius
What are the usual temperatures for incubation?
chemical composition of media is known
What is meant by a defined (synthetic) media?
chemical composition of media is not known (at least one component) Example:
blood, serum, milk, yeast extract, infusions
What is a complex media?
General purpose media- grows a wide spectrum of bacteria
Enriched media has vitamins, nutrients, growth factors added for fastidious
bacteria (bacteria that have specific growth requirements)
Compare and contrast general purpose media and enriched media?
Selective media has one or more ingredients that "selects" one type of microbe to
grow
Ex: MacConkey agar- selects for gram negative bacteri
Differential media- allows multiple types of microbes but shows a visible
difference between colonies (dyes are frequently used as differential agents)
With Complete Answers.
microobiology
The study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye is _______
viruses, bacteria, algae, protozoa, fungi and helminths
What are the six major groups of microorganisms?
3.5 billion years ago
Single celled organisms arose ______ million years ago and have been shaping our
earth ever since
Eukaryotes = have a true nucleus (include protozoa, fungi, plants and animals)
Prokaryotes= lack a true nucleus, include bacteria and archae
The two main divisions of single celled organisms are? meaning? Each group includes
which kingdoms?
Ubiquitous means found everywhere-
land, water, oceans, ice caps, deserts, deep sea vents
What does it mean to say bacteria are ubiquitous? Give examples
bacteria- Food, beer and wine production.
fungi- antibiotics
How do humans use microorganisms? Examples
biotechnology- manipulation for production of products
Genetic engineering- GMOs
recombinant DNA- E. coli making human insulin
bioremediation- cleaning up oil spills
Give an example of how humans use microorganism fin biotechnology?
genetic engineering?
recombinant DNA?
bioremediation?
any agent, such as a bacteria, virus, algae, protist or fungi that causes disease
(nearly 2000 different microbes are pathogenic)
What is a pathogen?
Plasmodium falciparum- pathogenic protists
transmitted by mosquitoes
700,000-1.2 million people killed annually
netting for prevention
What causes malaria? How severe is this disease? Prevention?
*Gastric ulcers
*links between bacteria, viruses and cancers
* virus and diabetes
Diseases once thought noninfectious are now found to be caused by microbes.
Examples
soil and water
The majority of microorganisms live in __________ and __________ and are either
harmless or beneficial.
An organism that is harbored in or on another (a host) and causes harm.
,What is a parasite?
belief that life can come from non-life
Redi (1600s) and Pasteur (1800s) disproved
What is spontaneous generation? Who and when was it disproved?
Hooke- make first microscope 1600s, named "cells"
Antonie van Leewenhoek- made a crude microscope, saw "animalcules" in
rainwater and scraped teeth
Development of the microscope-
Hooke?
Antonie van Leewenhoek
1980s- Discovery of restriction enzymes.
1980s- invention of the PCR technique, copies of DNA
1980s + - importance of biofilms in infectious diseases
2000s- importance of small RNAs
What are some of the exciting research and findings in the century of biology?
1970s Discovery of _________ enzymes
1980s invention of the _____ technique for making multiple copies of DNA.
1980s and beyond- the importance of ________ in infection disease
2000s- the importance of small ______
John Tyndall- microbes in dust and air have high heat
resistance
Ferdinand Cohn- discovered endospores
- sterile= completely free of all life
including endospores and
virus particles
What contribution did these men make to the discovery of spores and sterilization?
* John Tyndall
* Ferdinand Cohn
Koch- linked a specific microorganism to a disease
Anthrax to Bacillus anthracis
Holmes and Semmelweis- showed connection between maternity ward women's
infections and doctors who had been working in the autopsy room
What contribution did these men make to the discovery of spores and sterilization?
* Robert Koch
* Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes and Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
Lister- first to utilize hand washing and misting with
antiseptic chemicals in operating room
- techniques became the foundations of modern
microbial control
What contribution did these men make to the development of aseptic techniques?
*Joseph Lister
, Pasteur- invented pasteurization, vaccine for rabies, showed human diseases
could arise from infection
Koch- germ theory of disease, Koch's Postulates
What contribution did these men make to the development of aseptic techniques?
* Pasteur
*Robert Koch
Division, Kingdom, Phylum, (Division), Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Underline Genus species name or italicize
Capital Genus name and lowercase species name
May abbreviate genus name if already stated H. sapien
What is the system for naming/classification?
Inoculation
Incubation
Isolation
Inspection
Identification
What are the Five I's?
culture= to grow
medium= nutrient rich material for growing microbes
inoculation= introduce microbes
sterile= free of life
Briefly define/describe each of the words as it pertains to inoculation.
*culture
* medium
* inoculation
*sterile
20-40 degrees celcius
What are the usual temperatures for incubation?
chemical composition of media is known
What is meant by a defined (synthetic) media?
chemical composition of media is not known (at least one component) Example:
blood, serum, milk, yeast extract, infusions
What is a complex media?
General purpose media- grows a wide spectrum of bacteria
Enriched media has vitamins, nutrients, growth factors added for fastidious
bacteria (bacteria that have specific growth requirements)
Compare and contrast general purpose media and enriched media?
Selective media has one or more ingredients that "selects" one type of microbe to
grow
Ex: MacConkey agar- selects for gram negative bacteri
Differential media- allows multiple types of microbes but shows a visible
difference between colonies (dyes are frequently used as differential agents)
