Biology Proctored Exam Penn Foster. 200
Question And Correct Answers. 100% Correct. Updated
2024
Characteristics of living things
-All are composed of cells
-All obtain energy and use it to develop
-Can sense changes in the environment and adjust in response to change
-Exhibit modifications that represent adaptations to their environment
Levels of Biological Organization
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
How are organisms classified?
on the basis of their evolutionary/genetic relatedness
What is the scientific method? What is it's importance in biological sciences?
Process used to validate observations while minimizing observer bias
It's goal is for research to be conduced in a fair, unbiased and repeatable manner. The
best way to discover how and why the world works
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space
What is an atom?
smallest unit of matter that retains all the chemical properties of an element. They
combine to form molecules which then form into a solid, gas or liquid
What is the structure of an atom?
Nucleus in the center that contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no
charge). The outermost region is called an electron shell that contain the electrons
(negatively charged)
What is an ionic bond?
A chemical bond that's formed when an atom transfers and electron to another Atom
What is a covalent bond?
Results when 2 atoms share electrons in order to have a completed outer shell
What is a double covalent bond?
Occurs when 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electroms
In order to be an organic molecule it must contain what?
Carbon and hydrogen
What are the main groups of organic molecules that build cells and their parts?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid
What are the properties of water?
Its attraction to polar molecules.
High-specific heat.
High heat of vaporization.
The lower density of ice.
High polarity.
,Carbohydrates
Broken down to glucose to provide energy.
What are the different kinds of carbs?
Glucose= monosaccharide that serves as blood sugar
Sucrose= disaccharide which is table sugar
Polysaccharides= include starch, which stores energy in plants
Glycogen= stores energy in animals
Cellulose= makes up the structure of plant cell walls
Protein
macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the
body for growth and repair
Lipid
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
Serve as a long term energy source
Nucleic acid
macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
Form DNA which acts to store genetic information
What is the cell theory?
All living organisms are made up of cells
The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
Ribosome
Makes proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials
are carried from one part of the cell to another.
Smooth ER
Makes lipids
Rough ER
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
Golgi Apparatus
Sorts and packs protein into vesicles and transports them
Lysosome
Digests food, bacteria and worn out organelles
Vacuole
Stores food, enzymes and other material
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell- produces energy for growth, development and movement
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
Explain the process of diffusion:
Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
until the concentration of molecules is the same at both sites
, Explain the process of osmosis:
Water moves from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute
concentration
Describe a basic enzymatic reaction:
S+E= P+E
E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction
S is the substance being changed
P is the product of the reaction
What is an enzyme?
Catalysts that increase the speed of a chemical reaction without undergoing any
permanent chemical change
What is the process of photosynthesis?
-The process in which the Sun's energy is converted into chemical energy (occurs in
chloroplasts).
-Carbon dioxide and water are added
-Sugar and oxygen are produced
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of
oxygen.
What is the cellular respiration equation?
6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
What is glycolysis?
"splitting sugars." yields two molecules of ATP.
What is Krebs cycle?
This term refers to a series of chemical reactions that involve the complete oxidation of
acetyl CoA and produce 2 mol of ATP (energy) along with hydrogen and carbon, which
combine with oxygen to form (H2O) and (CO2).
What is the electron transport chain?
Is a sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons,
down a series of reactions that release energy; used to make ATP.
What is cellular reproduction?
Process by which cells divide to form new cells
Growth phase- cell duplicates its contents and DNA
Cell Division- the cytoplasm and DNA of a parent cell are distribute to 2 daughter cells
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (23 pairs)
What is nondisjunction and when does it occur?
Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes do not separate properly during cell division.
This can form a gamete with an extra chromosome or one missing part or all of a
chromosome (aka monosomy or trisomy). OCCURS DURING ANAPHASE 1 & 2
What is the law of dominance?
Mendel's 2nd law of inheritance - one gene usually expresses itself over the other (one
gene is dominant over the other)
What is the law of segregation?
Question And Correct Answers. 100% Correct. Updated
2024
Characteristics of living things
-All are composed of cells
-All obtain energy and use it to develop
-Can sense changes in the environment and adjust in response to change
-Exhibit modifications that represent adaptations to their environment
Levels of Biological Organization
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
How are organisms classified?
on the basis of their evolutionary/genetic relatedness
What is the scientific method? What is it's importance in biological sciences?
Process used to validate observations while minimizing observer bias
It's goal is for research to be conduced in a fair, unbiased and repeatable manner. The
best way to discover how and why the world works
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space
What is an atom?
smallest unit of matter that retains all the chemical properties of an element. They
combine to form molecules which then form into a solid, gas or liquid
What is the structure of an atom?
Nucleus in the center that contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no
charge). The outermost region is called an electron shell that contain the electrons
(negatively charged)
What is an ionic bond?
A chemical bond that's formed when an atom transfers and electron to another Atom
What is a covalent bond?
Results when 2 atoms share electrons in order to have a completed outer shell
What is a double covalent bond?
Occurs when 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electroms
In order to be an organic molecule it must contain what?
Carbon and hydrogen
What are the main groups of organic molecules that build cells and their parts?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid
What are the properties of water?
Its attraction to polar molecules.
High-specific heat.
High heat of vaporization.
The lower density of ice.
High polarity.
,Carbohydrates
Broken down to glucose to provide energy.
What are the different kinds of carbs?
Glucose= monosaccharide that serves as blood sugar
Sucrose= disaccharide which is table sugar
Polysaccharides= include starch, which stores energy in plants
Glycogen= stores energy in animals
Cellulose= makes up the structure of plant cell walls
Protein
macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the
body for growth and repair
Lipid
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
Serve as a long term energy source
Nucleic acid
macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
Form DNA which acts to store genetic information
What is the cell theory?
All living organisms are made up of cells
The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
Ribosome
Makes proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials
are carried from one part of the cell to another.
Smooth ER
Makes lipids
Rough ER
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
Golgi Apparatus
Sorts and packs protein into vesicles and transports them
Lysosome
Digests food, bacteria and worn out organelles
Vacuole
Stores food, enzymes and other material
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell- produces energy for growth, development and movement
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
Explain the process of diffusion:
Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
until the concentration of molecules is the same at both sites
, Explain the process of osmosis:
Water moves from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute
concentration
Describe a basic enzymatic reaction:
S+E= P+E
E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction
S is the substance being changed
P is the product of the reaction
What is an enzyme?
Catalysts that increase the speed of a chemical reaction without undergoing any
permanent chemical change
What is the process of photosynthesis?
-The process in which the Sun's energy is converted into chemical energy (occurs in
chloroplasts).
-Carbon dioxide and water are added
-Sugar and oxygen are produced
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of
oxygen.
What is the cellular respiration equation?
6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
What is glycolysis?
"splitting sugars." yields two molecules of ATP.
What is Krebs cycle?
This term refers to a series of chemical reactions that involve the complete oxidation of
acetyl CoA and produce 2 mol of ATP (energy) along with hydrogen and carbon, which
combine with oxygen to form (H2O) and (CO2).
What is the electron transport chain?
Is a sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons,
down a series of reactions that release energy; used to make ATP.
What is cellular reproduction?
Process by which cells divide to form new cells
Growth phase- cell duplicates its contents and DNA
Cell Division- the cytoplasm and DNA of a parent cell are distribute to 2 daughter cells
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (23 pairs)
What is nondisjunction and when does it occur?
Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes do not separate properly during cell division.
This can form a gamete with an extra chromosome or one missing part or all of a
chromosome (aka monosomy or trisomy). OCCURS DURING ANAPHASE 1 & 2
What is the law of dominance?
Mendel's 2nd law of inheritance - one gene usually expresses itself over the other (one
gene is dominant over the other)
What is the law of segregation?
