BHSC 1200 Midterm 1 Question and Answer
1. define anatomy and physiology - Answer-anatomy: science of body structures and the
relationships among them
2. physiology: science of body function
3. describe the structural organization of the human body from simplest to most complex -
Answer-1) chemical: atoms and molecules
4. 2) cellular: molecules combine to form cells
5. 3) tissue: groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform
a particular function
6. 4) organ: structures composed of two or more different types of tissues; have specific
functions and recognizable shapes
7. 5) system: related organs with a common function
8. 6) organismal: all parts of the human body functioning together
9. define homeostasis - Answer--maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's
internal environment
10. -maintains volume and composition of body fluids
11. define homeostatic feedback system - Answer-cycle of events in which the status of a body
condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on
12. describe components of homeostatic feedback system - Answer-1) receptor: body structure
that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control centre
13. 2) control centre: sets the set point within which a controlled condition should be
maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, & generates output commands
when they are needed
14. 3) effector: body structure that received output from the control centre and produces a
response or effect that changes the controlled conditions
15. describe and provide an example of a negative feedback system - Answer--the response of
the effector negates the stimulus; body is brought back into homeostasis; normal range is
achieved; leads to stability
,16. ex/ regulation of blood pressure:
17. stimulus disrupts homeostasis by increasing controlled condition (blood pressure). receptor
(baroreceptors) send input (nerve impulse) to control centre (brain). Brain sends output
(nerve impulse) to effector (heart and blood vessels) . A response (lower heart rate and
dilate blood vessels) occurs which brings blood pressure back to normal range
18. describe and provide an example of a positive feedback system - Answer--the response of
the effector increases/reinforces change of the stimulus
19. -body is moved away from homeostasis
20. -normal range is lost
21. -used to speed up processes
22. -leads to instability because output becomes progressively stronger as it is fed back and
reamplified
23. ex/ contractions during childbirth:
24. stimulus (contractions of uterine wall forcing baby's head into cervix) increases the
controlled condition (stretching of cervix). receptors (stretch-sensitive nerve cells in cervix)
send input (nerve impulse) to the control centre (brain). Brain sends output (oxytocin) to
effectors (muscles in uterine wall contract) causing a response (body stretches cervix more).
Response increases stimulus until cycle is interrupted (baby is born)
25. describe anatomical position - Answer--standing erect
26. -head level, eyes forward
27. -lower limbs are parallel, feet flat on floor and toes facing forward
28. -upper limbs are at the sides, palms facing forward
29. superior/inferior - Answer-superior: toward the head or upper part of a structure
30. inferior: away from the head or lower part of a structure
31. anterior/posterior - Answer-anterior: nearer to or at the front of the body
32. posterior: nearer to or at the back of the body
33. medial/lateral - Answer-medial: nearer to the midline
34. lateral: farther from the midline
, 35. ipsilateral/contralateral - Answer-ipsilateral: on the same side of the body as another
structure
36. contralateral: on the opposite side of the body as another structure
37. proximal/distal - Answer-proximal: nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
38. distal: farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
39. superficial/deep - Answer-superficial: toward or on the surface of the skin
40. deep: away from the surface of the body
41. sagittal plane
42. midsagittal plane
43. parasagittal plane - Answer-sagittal: vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right
and left sides, 2 types:
44. midsagittal: divides the body or organ into equal left and right sides
45. parasagittal: divides the body or organ into unequal left and right sides
46. frontal plane - Answer-divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions
47. transverse plane - Answer-divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions
48. oblique plane - Answer-passes through the body or organ at an oblique angle
49. list the major body cavities and organs they contain - Answer--cranial cavity: formed by
cranial bones and contains brain
50. -vertebral canal: formed by vertebral column; contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal
nerves
1. define anatomy and physiology - Answer-anatomy: science of body structures and the
relationships among them
2. physiology: science of body function
3. describe the structural organization of the human body from simplest to most complex -
Answer-1) chemical: atoms and molecules
4. 2) cellular: molecules combine to form cells
5. 3) tissue: groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform
a particular function
6. 4) organ: structures composed of two or more different types of tissues; have specific
functions and recognizable shapes
7. 5) system: related organs with a common function
8. 6) organismal: all parts of the human body functioning together
9. define homeostasis - Answer--maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's
internal environment
10. -maintains volume and composition of body fluids
11. define homeostatic feedback system - Answer-cycle of events in which the status of a body
condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on
12. describe components of homeostatic feedback system - Answer-1) receptor: body structure
that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control centre
13. 2) control centre: sets the set point within which a controlled condition should be
maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, & generates output commands
when they are needed
14. 3) effector: body structure that received output from the control centre and produces a
response or effect that changes the controlled conditions
15. describe and provide an example of a negative feedback system - Answer--the response of
the effector negates the stimulus; body is brought back into homeostasis; normal range is
achieved; leads to stability
,16. ex/ regulation of blood pressure:
17. stimulus disrupts homeostasis by increasing controlled condition (blood pressure). receptor
(baroreceptors) send input (nerve impulse) to control centre (brain). Brain sends output
(nerve impulse) to effector (heart and blood vessels) . A response (lower heart rate and
dilate blood vessels) occurs which brings blood pressure back to normal range
18. describe and provide an example of a positive feedback system - Answer--the response of
the effector increases/reinforces change of the stimulus
19. -body is moved away from homeostasis
20. -normal range is lost
21. -used to speed up processes
22. -leads to instability because output becomes progressively stronger as it is fed back and
reamplified
23. ex/ contractions during childbirth:
24. stimulus (contractions of uterine wall forcing baby's head into cervix) increases the
controlled condition (stretching of cervix). receptors (stretch-sensitive nerve cells in cervix)
send input (nerve impulse) to the control centre (brain). Brain sends output (oxytocin) to
effectors (muscles in uterine wall contract) causing a response (body stretches cervix more).
Response increases stimulus until cycle is interrupted (baby is born)
25. describe anatomical position - Answer--standing erect
26. -head level, eyes forward
27. -lower limbs are parallel, feet flat on floor and toes facing forward
28. -upper limbs are at the sides, palms facing forward
29. superior/inferior - Answer-superior: toward the head or upper part of a structure
30. inferior: away from the head or lower part of a structure
31. anterior/posterior - Answer-anterior: nearer to or at the front of the body
32. posterior: nearer to or at the back of the body
33. medial/lateral - Answer-medial: nearer to the midline
34. lateral: farther from the midline
, 35. ipsilateral/contralateral - Answer-ipsilateral: on the same side of the body as another
structure
36. contralateral: on the opposite side of the body as another structure
37. proximal/distal - Answer-proximal: nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
38. distal: farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
39. superficial/deep - Answer-superficial: toward or on the surface of the skin
40. deep: away from the surface of the body
41. sagittal plane
42. midsagittal plane
43. parasagittal plane - Answer-sagittal: vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right
and left sides, 2 types:
44. midsagittal: divides the body or organ into equal left and right sides
45. parasagittal: divides the body or organ into unequal left and right sides
46. frontal plane - Answer-divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions
47. transverse plane - Answer-divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions
48. oblique plane - Answer-passes through the body or organ at an oblique angle
49. list the major body cavities and organs they contain - Answer--cranial cavity: formed by
cranial bones and contains brain
50. -vertebral canal: formed by vertebral column; contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal
nerves
