BIOD 152 Module 2 Exam correctly done 2024.

Human Brain Divisions - answerscerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum What protects the brain? - answersskull, meninges, and BBB Ventricles of the brain - answerscavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid; 2 lateral, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle Meninges - answers3 layers of connective tissue that cover and protect the CNS organs and enclose CSF. Dura Mater - answersthick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord pia mater - answersthe delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. CSF - answersspecial fluid formed in walls of ventricles from blood plasma by permeating through the choroid plexus; cushions the brain and spinal cord by providing buoyancy, allowing the brain to float. BBB - answersdiffusion barrier that prevents most particles from entering CNS tissue; brain and spinal cord separate from general blood circulation. Formed by impermeable brain capillaries, due to astrocytes due to need for stable chemical environment. Cerebrum - answerslargest part of the brain, 83%; includes median longitudinal fissure, left and right cerebral hemispheres, gyri, sulci, and fissures corpus callosum - answersA bridge of white nerve fibers that connect cerebral hemispheres Cerebral cortex - answersouter region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain Deep sulci - answersfrontal, parietal, temporal, occipital Frontal sulci - answerscontrols higher level executive fx like reasoning and decision making; controls motor fx and control over voluntary muscle actions parietal lobe - answersA region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch; receive sensory info from receptors in mouth for taste and in skn four touch, pain, and pressure. Occipital - answersinterprets visual input Temporal - answerssensory areas for hearing and smelling Association areas - answersact mainly to integrate more than 1 type of sensory info for purposeful action Primary motor cortex - answersthe section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement Primary sensory cortex - answersregions of the cerebral cortex that initially process information from the senses Broca's area - answerscontrols language expression - an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech; speech production Wernicke's Area - answerslocated in temporal lobe; speech comprehension Conciousness - answersstate of being awake/aware, located in the cerebrum. Cerebrum controls: - answersCerebrum controls activities of the lower parts of the brain, can override functioning of lower parts of brain (i.e. via biofeedback, meditation, etc.), initiates voluntary motor activities and controls actions of cerebellum by acting on sensory input via thalamus. Brainstem - answersmedulla oblongata, pons, midbrain medulla oblongata - answersPart of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion; vasoconstriction, reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping and swallowing, tracts that ascend or descend between SC and brains higher centers vasoconstriction - answersthe constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure. Pons - answersContains axon bundles traveling between cerebellum and rest of CNS; fx with medulla to regulate breathing rate and has reflex centers concerned with head movements in response to auditory and visual stimuli Midbrain - answersActs as a relay center for tracts passing between the cerebrum, SC or cerebellum; reflex-centers for higher levl fxs involved in visual, auditory, and tactile responses. Superior and inferior colliculi - answerslocated at the rostral end of the brainstem, control reflexes for head, neck in response to sudden visual or auditory stimulus Diencephalon - answersthalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus maintains homeostasis, regulates basic body fx like hinger, sleep, thirst, body temp, water balance, and BP Controls pituitary gland by regulating hormones of endocrine link between nervous and endocrine systems Thalamus - answersthe brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla; filters out unimportant sensory info and directs it to appropriate regions of cerebruum for interpretation.