LATEST EDF 6222 Exam 1 & 2 100% SOLUTIONS

parsimony - ANSWER look for the simplest explanation possible what is science? - ANSWER an attempt to discover order, and to display lawful relations determinism - ANSWER The universe is a lawful and orderly place what does it mean to be scientifically skeptical? - ANSWER that assumptions should not be made until evidence is available How do you reduce observer bias? - ANSWER by ensuring interobserver agreement guidelines for gathering evidence - ANSWER - reducing observer bias - examining experimental control -replication - self-correction what is behaviorism - ANSWER philosophy of the science of human behavior what does structuralism rely on? - ANSWER introspection structuralism - ANSWER the science of human behavior permits introspection to explain the conscious mind methodological behaviorism - ANSWER A philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science. and relied on logical positivism -does not consider private events -came from psychophysical parallelism psychophysical parallelism - ANSWER -mental events can cause only mental events -physical events can cause only physical events What did normand present? - ANSWER -importance of objective, empirical science -being skeptical does not equate being cynical: withhold judgement until sufficient evidence is presented, and examine available evidence before making a decision Characteristics of pseudoscience - ANSWER -can't be proven false -anecdotal evidence how is science self-correcting? - ANSWER through replication what is the credo of helping professionals? - ANSWER do no harm explanatory fictions - ANSWER socially approved ways for explaining behavior that violates parsimony Classical Behaviorism - ANSWER S-R behavioism that does not account for consequences or private events reflex - ANSWER behavior controlled by external agents who studied conditioned reflexes - ANSWER Pavlov how did pavlov avoid mentalistic and explanatory fictions? - ANSWER by controlling conditions that allowed him to show stimuli can be conditioned evolutionary explanation for reflexes? - ANSWER for survival of the organism Conditioning can never fashion a _____ - ANSWER novel response ontogeny - ANSWER -learned beahviors of a particular animal during its lifetime -O = one phylogeny - ANSWER behaviors that have been passed down over the lifetime of the entire species how do you know the behavior is phylogenic? - ANSWER when there is no history of the behavior what do genes do? - ANSWER -predispose an individual's susceptibility to influence from the environment -genes do not "cause" behavior they set up physical basis for behavior to occur what does GMI with a mirror do? - ANSWER provides additional feedback required to receive discriminative control of the model what did Miller et al. (2015) find? - ANSWER that mirrors do facilitate acquisition of motor imitation in children with ASD -mirror serves as a discriminative control for the model What did - ANSWER where does our understanding of operant behavior originate from? - ANSWER Darwin's controversial idea that humans are not unique in their ability to think What did Thorndike create? - ANSWER Law of effect -trial and error type of explanation -organisms learn when behaviors are followed by pleasant things and vice versa Law of effect - ANSWER -Organisms learn through the consequences of their actions -Bx decrease when followed by negative stimuli -Bx increase when followed by pleasant stimuli what was Skinner's work a continuation of? - ANSWER Thorndike's Law of Effect extinction - ANSWER when reinforcement is no longer provided punishment - ANSWER -reduces future frequency of behavior -never responsible for skill acquisition what is the most powerful stimulus in human learning? - ANSWER consequences three-term contingency - ANSWER antecedent, behavior, consequence rate of response - ANSWER tendency to engage in the behavior Skinner's measure? - ANSWER frequency responses that were not reinforced for a very long time will be extinguished ___________ than those with a longer history of reinforcement - ANSWER sooner strongest behaviors are maintained by? - ANSWER intermittent reinforcement why is "effective" reinforcer redundant - ANSWER -the nature of a reinforcer is that it increases the behavior -"ineffective" reinforcers don't exist because a reinforcer is only a reinforcer if it increases a behavior what is verbal behavior? - ANSWER behavior that is reinforced based on the effects that it has on other people what do verbal communities influence? - ANSWER repertoire of the speaker language - ANSWER interactions that take place between speakers and listeners