Rasmussen PN 2 exam 1 Professional Nursing II

Normal sodium levels - 135-145 mEq/L normal potassium levels - 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Normal calcium levels - 9 to 10.5 mg/dL normal chloride levels - 98-106 Normal magnesium levels - 1.8 to 2.6 hydrostatic pressure - Water pushing pressure obligatory urine output - urine output that is required to eliminate wastes, 400-600mL output/day insensible water loss - continuous water loss you are not aware of; occurs through the skin and lungs, intestinal tract, stool, fistula, GI suction Aldosterone - Secreted by the adrenal cortex when NA+ levels are low. Prevents water and sodium loss, promotes kidney K+ excretion. antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin - Released from posterior pituitary gland. Retains water, low plasma NA+ levels inhibit ADH release Natriuretic peptides - Hormones that play a role in cardiac homeostasis brain natriuretic peptide - produced by ventricular muscle cells, secreted in response to increased blood volume and b/p renin-angiotensin system - System that helps to regulate fluid balance and blood pressure through actions in the kidney. angiotensin - Substance produced by renin that causes some vasoconstriction. Is activated by enzyme- converting enzyme ACE to active form angiotensin II Angiotensin II - increases blood pressure by stimulating kidneys to reabsorb more water and by releasing aldosterone, increases blood volume