NCM 112 MEDICAL SURGICAL (LECTURE)
CELLULAR ABERRATION
Cancer was recognized in ancient times by skilled observers who
WHAT IS CANCER? give the name “CANCER” ( Latin, „CANCRI‟ --- CRAB) because it
treaches out in many directions like the legs of a crab.
A large group of disease characterized by:
➢ Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
● Is a disease of the cell in which the normal mechanisms of control
➢ Proliferation (rapid reproduction by cell division).
of growth and proliferation are disturbed.
➢ Metastasis (spread or transfer of cancer cells from one organ
● A disease caused when cell divide uncontrollably and spread into
or part to another not directly connected).
surrounding tissues.
➢ A departure from what is normal, usual or expected.Typically ● Resulting to distinctive morphologic alterations of the cell and
one that unwelcome or unexpected. aberrations of tissue patterns
➢ A characteristic that deviates from the NORMAL type. AN ● Is caused by changes to the DNA or genetic mutations of the
ANOMALY cellular DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID.
➢ Due to distinctive morphologic alterations of the cell and ● Genetic mutations may be inherited and / or acquired, leading to
aberration of tissue patterns CANCER CELLS developed. abnormal cell behavior
DEFINITION OF TERMS GRAFT – VERSUS – HOST DISEASE (GVHD) - an immune response
initiated by T lymphocytes or T cells of donor tissue against the
recipient tissues (skin, GIT, liver); Undesirable response.
➢ BRACHYTHERAPY – delivery of radiation therapy through internal
T – Cells = are WBC the helps the immune system fights against
implants placed inside or adjacent to the tumors.
infected host cells, producing cytokines and regulating the immune
Management for cancer:
response.
Surgery- Chemotherapy (by session)
➢
GRAFT-VERSUS- TUMOR EFFECT - the donor immune cell response
➢ CARCINOGENESIS – process of transforming normal cells to
against the malignancy. Desirable response.
malignant cells
➢ CARCINOGENS – chemicals ; physical factors; and other agents that
➢ MALIGNANT – having cells that are characteristic of cancer.
cause cancers
➢ METASTASIS – spread of cancer cells from primary tumor to
➢ CHEMOTHERAPY – the use of medications to kill tumor cells by
distant sites
interfering with cellular functions and production.
➢ MUCOSITIS – inflammation of the lining of the mouth, throat,
➢ ALOPECIA – hair loss gastro intestinal tract often associated with cancer therapy.
➢ ANAPLASIA – a pattern of growth in which cell lack normal
➢ MYELOSUPPRESSION – suppression of the blood cell producing
characteristics and differ in shape and organization with respect to
function of the bone marrow.
their cells origin. Usually this anaplastic cells are malignant cells
➢ NADIR - lowest point of white blood cell depression after
➢ ANGIOGENESIS – growth of new blood vessels that new cancer therapy that has a toxic effects on the none marrow.
cells to grow
➢ NEOPLASIA – uncontrolled cell growth that follows no
➢ APOPTOSIS – a normal cell mechanism of program cell death
physiologic demands cancer
➢ BENIGN – not cancerous; benign tumors may but are unable to
➢ PALLIATION – relief of symptoms and promotion of comfort and
spread to other organs or body parts.
quality of life regardless of the disease stage.
➢ CYTOKINES - substance produced primarily by the cells of the
➢ RADIATION THERAPY –the use of ionizing radiation to kill
immune system to enhance production and functioning
malignant cells
components of the immune system.
➢ STAGING – process of determining the extent of disease,
➢ EXTRAVASATION - leakage of intravenous medication from the
including tumor size and spread or metastasis to distant sites.
veins into the subcutaneous tissues
➢ STOMATITIS – inflammation of oral tissues, often associated
➢ GRADING- identification of the type of tissue from which the tumor
with some chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy to
originated and the degree to which the tumor cells retain the
head and neck region
functional and structural characteristics of the original tissue.
➢ THROMBOCYTOPENIA – decrease in the number of circulating
platelets; associated with the potential bleeding.
1 | LEDA, CARLA M
,➢ VESSICANT – substance that can cause inflammation, damage
and necrosis with extravasation from blood vessels and contact
with tissues
➢ HYPERPLASIA – an increase in cell number
➢ HYPERTROPHY – an increase in cell size
➢ METAPLASIA – replacement of one adult cell type by a different
adult cell type
➢ DYSPLASIA - changes in cell size, shape and organization
➢ ADENOCARCINOMA – cancer the arises from glandular tissues.
EX. Cancer of the breast, lung, thyroid, colon, and pancreas
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
➢ Viruses
➢ Chemical Carcinogens
➔ Factories
➔ Outdoor workers
➢ CARCINOMA – a form of cancer that is composed of epithelial 1. Farmers- insecticides they inhale
cells; develops in tissues covering or lining organs of the body - Heat (skin cancer)
such as skin, uterus or breast 2. Radiologists- exposing in radiation
➢ SARCOMA – a cancer of supporting or connective tissues such as 3. Factories
cartilage, bones, muscles of fats -Exposed to asbestos
➢ Physical Stressors
➢ Hormonal Factors
➢ Genetic Factors
2 |
, 3 |
CELLULAR ABERRATION
Cancer was recognized in ancient times by skilled observers who
WHAT IS CANCER? give the name “CANCER” ( Latin, „CANCRI‟ --- CRAB) because it
treaches out in many directions like the legs of a crab.
A large group of disease characterized by:
➢ Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
● Is a disease of the cell in which the normal mechanisms of control
➢ Proliferation (rapid reproduction by cell division).
of growth and proliferation are disturbed.
➢ Metastasis (spread or transfer of cancer cells from one organ
● A disease caused when cell divide uncontrollably and spread into
or part to another not directly connected).
surrounding tissues.
➢ A departure from what is normal, usual or expected.Typically ● Resulting to distinctive morphologic alterations of the cell and
one that unwelcome or unexpected. aberrations of tissue patterns
➢ A characteristic that deviates from the NORMAL type. AN ● Is caused by changes to the DNA or genetic mutations of the
ANOMALY cellular DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID.
➢ Due to distinctive morphologic alterations of the cell and ● Genetic mutations may be inherited and / or acquired, leading to
aberration of tissue patterns CANCER CELLS developed. abnormal cell behavior
DEFINITION OF TERMS GRAFT – VERSUS – HOST DISEASE (GVHD) - an immune response
initiated by T lymphocytes or T cells of donor tissue against the
recipient tissues (skin, GIT, liver); Undesirable response.
➢ BRACHYTHERAPY – delivery of radiation therapy through internal
T – Cells = are WBC the helps the immune system fights against
implants placed inside or adjacent to the tumors.
infected host cells, producing cytokines and regulating the immune
Management for cancer:
response.
Surgery- Chemotherapy (by session)
➢
GRAFT-VERSUS- TUMOR EFFECT - the donor immune cell response
➢ CARCINOGENESIS – process of transforming normal cells to
against the malignancy. Desirable response.
malignant cells
➢ CARCINOGENS – chemicals ; physical factors; and other agents that
➢ MALIGNANT – having cells that are characteristic of cancer.
cause cancers
➢ METASTASIS – spread of cancer cells from primary tumor to
➢ CHEMOTHERAPY – the use of medications to kill tumor cells by
distant sites
interfering with cellular functions and production.
➢ MUCOSITIS – inflammation of the lining of the mouth, throat,
➢ ALOPECIA – hair loss gastro intestinal tract often associated with cancer therapy.
➢ ANAPLASIA – a pattern of growth in which cell lack normal
➢ MYELOSUPPRESSION – suppression of the blood cell producing
characteristics and differ in shape and organization with respect to
function of the bone marrow.
their cells origin. Usually this anaplastic cells are malignant cells
➢ NADIR - lowest point of white blood cell depression after
➢ ANGIOGENESIS – growth of new blood vessels that new cancer therapy that has a toxic effects on the none marrow.
cells to grow
➢ NEOPLASIA – uncontrolled cell growth that follows no
➢ APOPTOSIS – a normal cell mechanism of program cell death
physiologic demands cancer
➢ BENIGN – not cancerous; benign tumors may but are unable to
➢ PALLIATION – relief of symptoms and promotion of comfort and
spread to other organs or body parts.
quality of life regardless of the disease stage.
➢ CYTOKINES - substance produced primarily by the cells of the
➢ RADIATION THERAPY –the use of ionizing radiation to kill
immune system to enhance production and functioning
malignant cells
components of the immune system.
➢ STAGING – process of determining the extent of disease,
➢ EXTRAVASATION - leakage of intravenous medication from the
including tumor size and spread or metastasis to distant sites.
veins into the subcutaneous tissues
➢ STOMATITIS – inflammation of oral tissues, often associated
➢ GRADING- identification of the type of tissue from which the tumor
with some chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy to
originated and the degree to which the tumor cells retain the
head and neck region
functional and structural characteristics of the original tissue.
➢ THROMBOCYTOPENIA – decrease in the number of circulating
platelets; associated with the potential bleeding.
1 | LEDA, CARLA M
,➢ VESSICANT – substance that can cause inflammation, damage
and necrosis with extravasation from blood vessels and contact
with tissues
➢ HYPERPLASIA – an increase in cell number
➢ HYPERTROPHY – an increase in cell size
➢ METAPLASIA – replacement of one adult cell type by a different
adult cell type
➢ DYSPLASIA - changes in cell size, shape and organization
➢ ADENOCARCINOMA – cancer the arises from glandular tissues.
EX. Cancer of the breast, lung, thyroid, colon, and pancreas
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
➢ Viruses
➢ Chemical Carcinogens
➔ Factories
➔ Outdoor workers
➢ CARCINOMA – a form of cancer that is composed of epithelial 1. Farmers- insecticides they inhale
cells; develops in tissues covering or lining organs of the body - Heat (skin cancer)
such as skin, uterus or breast 2. Radiologists- exposing in radiation
➢ SARCOMA – a cancer of supporting or connective tissues such as 3. Factories
cartilage, bones, muscles of fats -Exposed to asbestos
➢ Physical Stressors
➢ Hormonal Factors
➢ Genetic Factors
2 |
, 3 |
