BIOL 235 Final Exam Questions With Answers Latest Updated 2024 (GRADED)

BIOL 235 Final Exam Questions With Answers Latest Updated 2024 (GRADED) What forces act on a lever in muscles 2. A good analogy is a spring on a door. In this example, the part of the spring attached to the frame is the origin; the part attached to the door represents the insertion. A useful rule of thumb is that the origin is usually proximal and the insertion distal; the insertion is usually pulled toward the origin. 3. Identify the glute max on a diagram and know its actions a. the movement of gluteus maximus with figure of 11.3(b) - Gluteus maximus main actions are to extend and laterally rotate the hip joint. Furthermore, upper fibers can abduct the hip whereas the lower fibers can adduct. b. The gluteus maximus is the largest and heaviest of the three muscles and is one of the largest muscles in the body. It is the chief extensor of the femur. In its reverse muscle action (RMA), it is a powerful extensor of the torso at the hip joint. c. The gluteus medius is mostly deep to the gluteus maximus and is a powerful abductor of the femur at the hip joint. It is a common site for intramuscular injection. d. The gluteus minimus is the smallest of the gluteal muscles and lies deep to the gluteus medius. 4. What is the relationship between sternocleidomastoid and splenius capitis - Biletaral contraction of splenius capitis results in extension of the head on the neck. When it contracts unilaterally, it acts in synergy with the contralateral sternocleidomastoid muscle, resulting in lateral flexion and rotation of the head towards the ipsilateral side. The relationship between these muscles when bowing you head is C) The sternocleidomastoid is the prime mover and the splenius cervicis is the antagonist. The principle muscles that are primarily responsible for causing a given action about a joint are referred to as the agonist muscles or the prime movers. The muscle that opposes that movement and returns the body part to the original position is called the antagonist muscle. A muscle which stabilizes a joint around which the movement is occurring and can assist in creating movement is known as a synergist muscle. 5. Know ab muscles from superficial to deep - orders of abdominal muscles from superficial to deep - external oblique muscles form the superficial layer, while the internal oblique muscles form the middle layer, and the transverses abdominus forms the deepest layer. 6. Origin - the attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the stationary bone. 7. Insertion– know the insertion - the attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to the movable bone. 8. What are the actions of the deltoid? deltoid movements on arm – flexion and extension (posterior fibers), abduction of shoulder (all fibers), intermediate fibers stabilize the head of the humerus - Lateral fibers abduct arm at shoulder joint; anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm at shoulder joint; posterior fi bers extend and laterally rotate arm at shoulder joint. 9. What muscles are involved in forceful breathing? - Forced or labored breathing involves the sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles to lift the upper rib cage even more than in normal breathing. By lifting the upper portion of the rib cage the action of the intercostals is magnified. Forced exhalation employs the internal intercostals and the abdominal muscles. - type of neuron circuit for breathing – a reverberating circuit controls respiration Among the body responses thought to be the result of output signals from reverberating circuits are breathing, coordinated muscular activities, waking up, and short-term memory. It helps with breathing by lengthening output signal Be able to identify the reverberating circuit using the diagram 10. What are the sensory, motor, and integrative functions in the nervous system? Know definitions of each  Sensory function - Sensory receptors detect internal stimuli, such as an increase in blood pressure, or external stimuli (for example, a raindrop landing on your arm). This sensory information is then carried into the brain and spinal cord through cranial and spinal nerves.  Integrative function - The nervous system processes sensory information by analyzing it and making decisions for appropriate responses—an activity known as integration.  Motor function - Once sensory information is integrated, the nervous system may elicit an appropriate motor response by activating effectors (muscles and glands) through cranial and spinal nerves. Stimulation of the effectors causes muscles to contract and glands to secrete. 11. Identify Ependymal cells and Astrocytes on the diagram of neuroglia, they produce cerebrospinal fluid