NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Rasmussen College Final Exam 2024

Explain primary prevention - ANSWERSPreventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people Explain secondary prevention - ANSWERS"Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads Explain tertiary prevention - ANSWERS"Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition What are examples of primary prevention? - ANSWERSVaccinations and Handwashing What are examples of secondary prevention? - ANSWERSPAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram What are examples of tertiary prevention? - ANSWERSRehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcer What happens to the body during the sympathetic phase of the flight or fight response? - ANSWERSPupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU. What happens to the body during the parasympathetic phase of the flight or light response? - ANSWERSRest and Digest. Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction,decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action Explain the role of the nucleus - ANSWERScontrol center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins Explain the role of the mitochondria - ANSWERSPowerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA Explain the role of the ribosome - ANSWERSproduces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein Explain the role of the lysosomes - ANSWERShelps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or tissues Explain the role of the rough ER - ANSWERSfolded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membrane Explain the role of the smooth ER - ANSWERShelps the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and calcium storage Explain the role of the peroxisome - ANSWERSmembrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes Explain the role of the Golgi body - ANSWERSstacked membranes that act as the sorter and packager for proteins from the ER. Helps move things in and out of cell Explain passive immunity - ANSWERSthe transfer of preformed antibodies against specific antigens from a protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized person. Provides immediate and short term protection. No memory cells are produced. IgA and IgE. Passes protection What are examples of passive immunity? - ANSWERSmom to fetus through placenta or mom to infant through breast milk. Serotherapy Explain active immunity - ANSWERSa protective state owing to the immune system response as a result of active infection or immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body has to fight it to have long term immunity What are examples of active immunity? - ANSWERSVaccinations Explain what edema is - ANSWERSaccumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to tissue swelling What are some causes of edema? - ANSWERSincrease in the forces that move fluid from capillaries to interstitial compartments or decrease in the opposite. What are factors that contribute to edema? - ANSWERSIncrease in hydrostatic forces in the capillaries that increases the blood volume, increased capillary permeability, CHF, HYPTN, decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver to hold onto more water- ascites, cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage What is a hypersensitivity? - ANSWERSan overreaction to antigens or allergens that is beyond the normal range, leading to damage What is a type 1 hypersensitivity? - ANSWERSanaphylactic. Occurs within 2-30mins of exposure. Can be systemic or localized. Binds to IgE and mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to create inflammation Mediating Factor for type 1 hypersensitivity - ANSWERSIgE Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity - ANSWERSallergic reaction to dust. someone eats peanuts and breaks out in hives and runny nose How do we treat type 1 hypersensitivity reactions? - ANSWERSantihistamines to block histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator , corticosteroids, to decrease inflammation. IgE therapy, epinephrine given during anaphylaxis through IV or through IM in epipens What are signs and symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? - ANSWERShives, runny nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing, tachycardia, anaphylaxis. Explain Type 2 Hypersensitivity - ANSWERSThe cells attack healthy organs and blood, causing symptoms Mediating factor for type 2 hypersensitivity - ANSWERScytotoxic- IgM/ IgG Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity - ANSWERSBlood transfusions when wrong blood given, hemolytic disease of newborn, grans disease, myasthenia gravis What is type 3 hypersensitivity? - ANSWERSThe igG antibodies are stuck beneath the membranes of cells. Can activate immune responses that can damage tissues. Immune complex Mediating factor type 3 hypersensitivity - ANSWERSimmune complexes Examples type 3 hypersensitivity - ANSWERSRA, lupus What is type 4 hypersensitivity? - ANSWERSthere is a delayed cell reaction caused by the T cells. Antigens are phagocytized and are sensitized to receptors on the t cell. Reexposure causes the memory cells to release destructive cytokines. Mediating factor type 4 hypersensitivity - ANSWERSdelayed cell mediated Examples type 4 hypersensitivity - ANSWERSTB test, contact dermatitis Characteristics of benign tumors - ANSWERSLocalized growth that is curable. They more closely resemble the original tissue type, they grow slowly, have little vascularity, rarely necrotic, and usually have similar function to the original cells. Can be fatal depending on the location (brain, heart,etc), usually grows at the original areas of the body. Encapsulated Characteristics of malignant tumors - ANSWERSusually cancerous. They ignore growth controlling signals and replicate despite signals from the environment. They can escape signals and can die. they can also display different functions poorly or not at all related to the tissue. Greater degree of differentiation means that it is more aggressive. Can move around with a poor prognosis. Anaplasia, metastasis S/S of peptic ulcer disease - ANSWERSepigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without warning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis What is H.pylori? - ANSWERShas a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and can reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal What is a functional bowel obstruction? - ANSWERSproblem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids, low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from the SNS stimulation What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? - ANSWERSblockage of the bowel inhibiting movement. adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the intestines, intussusception adhesions - ANSWERSbands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated in the bowel hernia - ANSWERSProtrusion of bowel through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it volvus - ANSWERStwisting of the bowel Intusseption - ANSWERStelescoping of the intestines S/S of appendicitis - ANSWERSPeriumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive McBurneys point and rebound tenderness when one presses on the belly button and hip region and when the pressure is removed, the client has pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of infection. how to assess appendicitis - ANSWERSMcBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes intense pain, indicates positive appendicitis. Rebound tenderness= positive rebound tenderness - ANSWERSpain that increases when pressure (as from a hand) is removed-in appendicitis S/S of liver disease - ANSWERShepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,) what is jaundice? - ANSWERSgreen yellow staining of tissues from increased level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin. Found on eyes, skin, and mouth. present with liver disease What is ascites? - ANSWERSpathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it must be drained with a parenthesis What is hepatic encephalopathy? - ANSWERSneuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia in the blood as the liver cannot break it down. Dementia=ammonia and psychotic symptoms common along with jerking What is portal hypertension? - ANSWERSIncreased pressure in the portal venous system from a build-up of portal vein pressure due to progressive hepatic fibrosis which increases hepatic resistance What is esophageal varices? - ANSWERSa complication of portal hypertension resulting from alcoholism or hepatitis. Causes the vessels in the esophagus to become dilated and bleed, and the rupturing can be forceful enough for one to bleed out