Week 12
Lecture
Three Interpretive Frameworks
Ideological legacy: Balkan wars had fundamental impact on the world views of the leaders that would eventually
establish the Republic of Turkey. War as a formative experience
“Exit ticket”: extremely important milestone in transition from empire to nation-state
Geopolitical Reprecussions: created a fragile status quo that was deemed unsustainable and paved way for future wars
A Historical Background:
Did revolution bring power? The second constitutional revolution and Heroes of Liberty struggle for power
Different expectations and helplessness: Bulgarian declaration of independence, annexation of Bosnia Herzegovina, de
facto union of Crete with Greece, Albanian uprisings
31st march incident
CUP: persecution or monopoly of power
Crises and the 1909 Counter revolution
Hurriyet ve Itilaf (Freedom and accord) strengthen as the main opposition by late 1909 and its 1911 interim election
victory
1912 Sopali Secimler (Election of clubs) and the resulting legitimacy problems for the CUP
Coup attempts against CUP, Halaskar Zabitan (Saviour Officers) force the parliament to dissolve and install a new
government (Kamil Pasha cabinet of the Freedom and Accord)
Ottoman-Italian/Tripolitania(Libya) War 1911-1912
Italian forces land in modern-day Libya, ottomans didn’t engage in conventional warfare
Voluntary ottoman officers, the unionists among many of them, arrive at Libya to organize guerilla resistance
Brief Italian assault on the Dardanelles, stalemate
Italian operations on Rhodes and Dodecanese Islands
Oct 18 1912 Ouchy Treaty is signed after the Balkan wars by Gazi Muhtar Pasha cabinet
Ends the ottoman presence in north Africa, signals military weakness to the Balkan states with irredentist aspirations
Chronology of the first Balkan war
5 sept 1912: serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece form the Balkan League
8 oct Montenegro declares war on the ottoman empire
18 oct Bulgaria Serbia Greece declare war on the empire
Grand vizer gazi Ahmet muhtar pasha resigns and is replaces by kamil pasha
Ottoman heartlands quickly fall to the Balkan forces. Ottoman units withdraw to catalca line close to istabul
4 nov Russia offers a guarantee of the status quo if straits are openend to Russian warships
Albania declares independace from the ottoman empire
3 dec armistice signed btw Serbia( representing also Serbia and Montenegro) and the ottoman empire
First balkan war and diplomatic uncertainties
Great powers abandon their previous commitment to the territorial integrity of the empire
Victory of Balkan league is interntionally perceived as just and legitimate
Civilian casualities, forced migration and atrocities against civilians are looked over, int community is largely silent
Balkan league fights over spoils of war
Great powers are concerned over Bulgarian approach to Istanbul and Serbian access to Adriatic Sea
Germany extends support to Austria hungary for a potential conflict
Bulgaria rekindles the hostitilites in june 1913, war erupts
The Armistice and treaty of London:
Lecture
Three Interpretive Frameworks
Ideological legacy: Balkan wars had fundamental impact on the world views of the leaders that would eventually
establish the Republic of Turkey. War as a formative experience
“Exit ticket”: extremely important milestone in transition from empire to nation-state
Geopolitical Reprecussions: created a fragile status quo that was deemed unsustainable and paved way for future wars
A Historical Background:
Did revolution bring power? The second constitutional revolution and Heroes of Liberty struggle for power
Different expectations and helplessness: Bulgarian declaration of independence, annexation of Bosnia Herzegovina, de
facto union of Crete with Greece, Albanian uprisings
31st march incident
CUP: persecution or monopoly of power
Crises and the 1909 Counter revolution
Hurriyet ve Itilaf (Freedom and accord) strengthen as the main opposition by late 1909 and its 1911 interim election
victory
1912 Sopali Secimler (Election of clubs) and the resulting legitimacy problems for the CUP
Coup attempts against CUP, Halaskar Zabitan (Saviour Officers) force the parliament to dissolve and install a new
government (Kamil Pasha cabinet of the Freedom and Accord)
Ottoman-Italian/Tripolitania(Libya) War 1911-1912
Italian forces land in modern-day Libya, ottomans didn’t engage in conventional warfare
Voluntary ottoman officers, the unionists among many of them, arrive at Libya to organize guerilla resistance
Brief Italian assault on the Dardanelles, stalemate
Italian operations on Rhodes and Dodecanese Islands
Oct 18 1912 Ouchy Treaty is signed after the Balkan wars by Gazi Muhtar Pasha cabinet
Ends the ottoman presence in north Africa, signals military weakness to the Balkan states with irredentist aspirations
Chronology of the first Balkan war
5 sept 1912: serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece form the Balkan League
8 oct Montenegro declares war on the ottoman empire
18 oct Bulgaria Serbia Greece declare war on the empire
Grand vizer gazi Ahmet muhtar pasha resigns and is replaces by kamil pasha
Ottoman heartlands quickly fall to the Balkan forces. Ottoman units withdraw to catalca line close to istabul
4 nov Russia offers a guarantee of the status quo if straits are openend to Russian warships
Albania declares independace from the ottoman empire
3 dec armistice signed btw Serbia( representing also Serbia and Montenegro) and the ottoman empire
First balkan war and diplomatic uncertainties
Great powers abandon their previous commitment to the territorial integrity of the empire
Victory of Balkan league is interntionally perceived as just and legitimate
Civilian casualities, forced migration and atrocities against civilians are looked over, int community is largely silent
Balkan league fights over spoils of war
Great powers are concerned over Bulgarian approach to Istanbul and Serbian access to Adriatic Sea
Germany extends support to Austria hungary for a potential conflict
Bulgaria rekindles the hostitilites in june 1913, war erupts
The Armistice and treaty of London:
