Week 3
Modern transformations 1789-1839
Which conditions forced ottomans to centralize and modernize?
1768-74 Russo Turkish war and the treaty of kucuk kaynarca:
Crimea gained independence. However it was soon annexed by Russia in 1783. The hope of regaining crimea
faded with the war of 1787-92
Russia took control of northern black sea coast
Russia obtained commercial privileges, consular rights, the right to open churches, and the protection of
ottoman Christians’ worship
Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign 1798-1801
Despite being a short lived occupation, it had profound impact on both Egypt and the ottoman empire/Istanbul
Napoleon’s rhetoric of occupation at the dawn of the colonial world order accompanied by arrival ofscholars
under the name of institut d’Egypte
After napoleon and his troops withdrew from Egypt, the power vacuum was filled by Kavali Mehmet Ali Pasha
Selim III and centralization: nizam I cedid (new order)
After ascending to the throne in 1789, selim III sent envoys to Austria and Prussia to prepare reform proposlas and
reports
New army
Reform of janissary and timar organization
Resources for the new army
Military industry and military training
How can military order and discipline be enforced:
Compulsory training for the existing army
Establishment of new military units;
Military engineering school (1795)
Dissolution of old army and establishment of the new army (Mahmud II)
A new treasury for the new army; Irad I cedid (1793), ministry of provisions (1793)
End of the new order:
palace coup 1807 led by kabakci Mustafa
Practices carried out under nizam I cedid disturbed various power stakeholders
Janissaries
Ulema (religious scholars)
Provincial/local notables (especially rumelian ones)
Military events of the period:
Serbian uprising 1804
Commencement of russo-ottoman war 1806-12
Huccet-i-seriyye signed during the uprising 1807
Alemdar Mustafa pasha ve sultan Mahmud II 1808-39
Arrival of ruschuk notable alemdar Mustafa pasha with his troops in Istanbul and the ascension of sultan mahmud to the
throne
The pact (sened-i-ittifak) of 1808 signed by grand vizer (pasha) and rumelian and Anatolian notables:
Sultan himself and the inviolability of his sovereignty are under the commitment and guarantee of all of us
We all pledge to recruit soldiers for the state in our regions. Anyone who resists will be punished
The orders and prohibitions of the grand vizier will be implemented
Treasury and state revenues will be protected
Sultan and the state will show respect for the security of the notables (ayanlar)
, In event of a rebellion in the capital, thee notables are responsible for suppressing the rebellion and eliminating the
disturbance
The notables will watch over and protect the common people
Death of alemdar Mustafa pasha 1808
Approx. a month after signing the pact, pasha is killed in a subsequent uprising. The pact will not be enforced
Sultan Mahmud II ruled as a conservative monarch
In a process extending from the russo-ottoman war of 1806-12, he consolidated his authority by eliminating some
notables in Anatolia and northern Syria
However, ali pasha in Ioannina in Greece and ali pasha of kavalali in Egypt still held strong armies and wielded significant
influence
Campaign against ali pasha of Ioannina 1819-22 and greek war of independence
Ali pasha of Ioannina, who expanded his influence in the Epirus region of Greece, established direct relations with
European countries
His refusal to acknowledge central authority led to dispatch of an army against him
Despite resisting for a long time, he was eventually killed
In the early 1820s, during the power vacuum in the region, the central govt sought help from the governor of Egypt,
kavalali Mehmed ali pasha to suppress the greek uprising
The rebellion was initially suppressed by kavalali, but in the end, in 1827, the greeks became the first nation within the
empire to achieve independence
Kavalali haddisesi
Mehmed ali pasha entered Egypt, taking control of the region in 1805
In 1811, during a festive gathering, he systematically eliminated the powerful mamluk lords in the region
Commissioned by Istanbul in 1815 to suppress the wahabbi movement, kavalali sent Albanian soldiers from the region
In 1822, he implemented compulsory military service for Egyptian peasants to form a regular army. This army, trained by
French officers who had come with napoleon and stayed in the country, went on to serve under kavalali
Upon istanbul’s summons, he dispatched hhis con Ibrahim pasha to the Peloponnese to suppress the greek uprising
which he did in 1826
Following this, kavalali Mehmet ali pasha and is son, their relationship with the central authority changed. Between
1830-40 , they repeatedly defeated the ottoman army
1826- abolition of the janissary corp
The greek uprising which the ottoman army couldn’t suppress but was successfully quelled by a governor woth a
modernized army, accelerated the process of establishing a new army
This would turn into a rebellion after which the janissary corp would be abolished
In its initial phase, the newly established army called muallem asakir-I mansure-I muhammediye, faced difficulties in
recruiting soldiers
In the subsequent period, innovations in the military field would accelerate and this process of renewal would also
permeate into other areas
In 1827, the medical school (tibbiye) established, followed by military academy (harbiye) in 1834
In 1829, clothing reform extending to civilians implemented
In 1830s, ministries were established. Ministries of interior (Dahiliye), Justice (adliye), war (harbiye)
Monopolies established as part of tax system
Census conducted in 1830-31
1st newspaper established in 1831, translation bureau established in 1833 then postal service in 1834
In 1836, provincial reserve troops, known as redif, were introduced
Darian Stephanov
Modern transformations 1789-1839
Which conditions forced ottomans to centralize and modernize?
1768-74 Russo Turkish war and the treaty of kucuk kaynarca:
Crimea gained independence. However it was soon annexed by Russia in 1783. The hope of regaining crimea
faded with the war of 1787-92
Russia took control of northern black sea coast
Russia obtained commercial privileges, consular rights, the right to open churches, and the protection of
ottoman Christians’ worship
Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign 1798-1801
Despite being a short lived occupation, it had profound impact on both Egypt and the ottoman empire/Istanbul
Napoleon’s rhetoric of occupation at the dawn of the colonial world order accompanied by arrival ofscholars
under the name of institut d’Egypte
After napoleon and his troops withdrew from Egypt, the power vacuum was filled by Kavali Mehmet Ali Pasha
Selim III and centralization: nizam I cedid (new order)
After ascending to the throne in 1789, selim III sent envoys to Austria and Prussia to prepare reform proposlas and
reports
New army
Reform of janissary and timar organization
Resources for the new army
Military industry and military training
How can military order and discipline be enforced:
Compulsory training for the existing army
Establishment of new military units;
Military engineering school (1795)
Dissolution of old army and establishment of the new army (Mahmud II)
A new treasury for the new army; Irad I cedid (1793), ministry of provisions (1793)
End of the new order:
palace coup 1807 led by kabakci Mustafa
Practices carried out under nizam I cedid disturbed various power stakeholders
Janissaries
Ulema (religious scholars)
Provincial/local notables (especially rumelian ones)
Military events of the period:
Serbian uprising 1804
Commencement of russo-ottoman war 1806-12
Huccet-i-seriyye signed during the uprising 1807
Alemdar Mustafa pasha ve sultan Mahmud II 1808-39
Arrival of ruschuk notable alemdar Mustafa pasha with his troops in Istanbul and the ascension of sultan mahmud to the
throne
The pact (sened-i-ittifak) of 1808 signed by grand vizer (pasha) and rumelian and Anatolian notables:
Sultan himself and the inviolability of his sovereignty are under the commitment and guarantee of all of us
We all pledge to recruit soldiers for the state in our regions. Anyone who resists will be punished
The orders and prohibitions of the grand vizier will be implemented
Treasury and state revenues will be protected
Sultan and the state will show respect for the security of the notables (ayanlar)
, In event of a rebellion in the capital, thee notables are responsible for suppressing the rebellion and eliminating the
disturbance
The notables will watch over and protect the common people
Death of alemdar Mustafa pasha 1808
Approx. a month after signing the pact, pasha is killed in a subsequent uprising. The pact will not be enforced
Sultan Mahmud II ruled as a conservative monarch
In a process extending from the russo-ottoman war of 1806-12, he consolidated his authority by eliminating some
notables in Anatolia and northern Syria
However, ali pasha in Ioannina in Greece and ali pasha of kavalali in Egypt still held strong armies and wielded significant
influence
Campaign against ali pasha of Ioannina 1819-22 and greek war of independence
Ali pasha of Ioannina, who expanded his influence in the Epirus region of Greece, established direct relations with
European countries
His refusal to acknowledge central authority led to dispatch of an army against him
Despite resisting for a long time, he was eventually killed
In the early 1820s, during the power vacuum in the region, the central govt sought help from the governor of Egypt,
kavalali Mehmed ali pasha to suppress the greek uprising
The rebellion was initially suppressed by kavalali, but in the end, in 1827, the greeks became the first nation within the
empire to achieve independence
Kavalali haddisesi
Mehmed ali pasha entered Egypt, taking control of the region in 1805
In 1811, during a festive gathering, he systematically eliminated the powerful mamluk lords in the region
Commissioned by Istanbul in 1815 to suppress the wahabbi movement, kavalali sent Albanian soldiers from the region
In 1822, he implemented compulsory military service for Egyptian peasants to form a regular army. This army, trained by
French officers who had come with napoleon and stayed in the country, went on to serve under kavalali
Upon istanbul’s summons, he dispatched hhis con Ibrahim pasha to the Peloponnese to suppress the greek uprising
which he did in 1826
Following this, kavalali Mehmet ali pasha and is son, their relationship with the central authority changed. Between
1830-40 , they repeatedly defeated the ottoman army
1826- abolition of the janissary corp
The greek uprising which the ottoman army couldn’t suppress but was successfully quelled by a governor woth a
modernized army, accelerated the process of establishing a new army
This would turn into a rebellion after which the janissary corp would be abolished
In its initial phase, the newly established army called muallem asakir-I mansure-I muhammediye, faced difficulties in
recruiting soldiers
In the subsequent period, innovations in the military field would accelerate and this process of renewal would also
permeate into other areas
In 1827, the medical school (tibbiye) established, followed by military academy (harbiye) in 1834
In 1829, clothing reform extending to civilians implemented
In 1830s, ministries were established. Ministries of interior (Dahiliye), Justice (adliye), war (harbiye)
Monopolies established as part of tax system
Census conducted in 1830-31
1st newspaper established in 1831, translation bureau established in 1833 then postal service in 1834
In 1836, provincial reserve troops, known as redif, were introduced
Darian Stephanov
