NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1,Question well elaborated 2024.

What is Pathophysiology - Answersis the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body. What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - AnswersEtiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications What is etiology - Answersstudy of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause. What is pathogenesis? - Answersdevelopment or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs. What are clinical manifestations? - AnswersSigns and symptoms of disorder. What are treatment implications? - AnswersWhich combine the etology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of condition per individual. What are signs? - AnswersObjective or observed manifestations of disease. What are symptoms? - AnswersSubjective feelings of abnormality in the body. What is objective data - AnswersWhat you observe and can measure. What are examples of objective data? - Answersrash, low blood pressure, bleeding What is subjective data? - AnswersWhat the patient may report to you What are examples of subjective data? - Answerspain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued. What is epidemiology? - Answersstudy of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based on the spread and contact of diseases in people. What are the levels of disease prevention? - AnswersPrimary, Secondary, Tertiary Explain Primary Prevention - Answers"Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people. Examples of Primary Prevention - AnswersVaccinations and Handwashing Explain Secondary Prevention - Answers"Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads Examples of Secondary Prevention - AnswersPAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram Explain Tertiary Prevention - Answers"Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition Examples of Tertiary Prevention - AnswersRehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers. What is homeostasis? - Answersa state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable. What is allostasis? - Answersability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body temp. Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - Answersalarm, resistance, exhaustion Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - AnswersWhere the sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work. Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - Answersthe activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor. Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - AnswersOccurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged that can lead to disease or death. What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation syndrome? - Answersdisease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infection, and heart disease. Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - AnswersCorticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - Answersactivates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage - Answershelps to slow down certain organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight. Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage - AnswersStimulates the fight or flight response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be released. Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - Answersreleased by ACTH reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.