WGU C787 Unit 2 - Health and Wellness
Through Nutritional Science
What is a macronutrient (3) and what do they do?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins.
Consumed in largest quantities, provide energy needed for maintenance, growth,
thermoregulation, physical activity, pregnancy, and lactation.
Recommended % of each macronutrient
Carbs = 45-65%
Lipids = 20 - 35%
Proteins = 10 - 35%
What are the micronutrients (trace elements)?
vitamins and minerals
Deficiency of Vitamin A
Mild deficiency can cause diarrhea and URI; diarrhea then can cause malnutrition. More
severe deficiency can cause changes in the eyes and eventually blindness - night
blindness is usually the first detectable symptom. Deficiency during pregnancy or at
birth and cause skull to not develop normally and brain is crowded. Can also cause
growth impairment.
Deficiency of Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Beriberi, in which the heart and nervous systems are damaged and muscle wasting
occurs.
Deficiency of Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Pellagra, and characterized by the Four D's of Pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia,
and death.
Deficiency of Vitamin B12
Vegans who consume no animal products are at risk of deficiency resulting in anemia
Age 50+:nerve damage in the hands and feet, dementia, confusion and memory
problems. recommended intake is around 2.4 micrograms
EXTRA FACT ABOUT VITAMIN B DEFICIENCIES
Isolated deficiency of B vitamins is RARE, since many B vitamins work in
concert.
Therefore, a lack of one hinders the function of the rest.
Deficiency of Vitamin C
Scurvy. Early s/s are bleeding gums & pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin. More
severe, skin becomes rough, brown, and scaly, eventually resulting in impaired wound
healing, soft bones, painful joints, and loose teeth. Finally, hardening of the arteries or
massive bleeding results in death.
Deficiency of Vitamin D
Rickets is the childhood deficiency. Bone formation is impaired, which is reflected in a
bowlegged or knock-kneed appearance. In adults, a brittle bone condition
called osteomalacia. Deficiency is common among individuals who do not get enough
, sunlight and do not take supplements. Symptoms are often subtle and can include
tiredness and aches and pains.
Deficiency of Folic Acid
can cause a similar anemia. - low dietary intake during 1st trimester of is leading cause
of neural tube defects.
Deficiency of Riboflavin
Ariboflavinosis describes a collection of symptoms such as cracks and redness of the
eyes and lips; inflamed, sensitive eyelids; and a purple-red tongue.
Deficiency of Calcium
In young children results in stunted growth. Osteoporosis occurs when reserves are
drawn upon to supply the other body parts; this occurs later in adulthood leaving bones
weak and fragile. Caucasian & Asian women of small stature are at greatest risk.
Deficiency of Iron
Anemia is the most common form of malnutrition in developing societies. Lack of
consumption causes weakness, fatigue, and sensitivity to cold temperatures. Anemia in
children can cause reduced ability to learn and impaired ability to think & concentrate.
Deficiency of Iodine
Cells in the thyroid gland enlarge to try to trap as much of this as possible, this
enlargement of the thyroid gland is called simple or endemic goiter. More severe
deficiency result from a lack of that leads to a deficiency of the thyroid gland hormone
during pregnancy, the child then can be born with severe mental and/or physical
disabilities (congenital hypothyroidism)
Deficiency of Zinc
Severe growth retardation and arrested sexual maturation are characteristics of this
deficiency
Treatments for malnutrition
· Refeeding with a diet adequate in protein, calories, and other essential nutrients.
· Supplements or injections can help reverse deficiencies.
· Estrogen replacement therapy and weight bearing exercise retard calcium loss in later
years and do more than calcium supplements can.
What is marasmus? And what are signs/symptoms?
· General deficiency of macronutrients (from calories and proteins), literally means "to
waste away"
· Problematic for infants and children because of high demands for growth and brain
development
· s/s: underweight, brittle hair/loss of hair, lower immunity, dark skin and eyes, diarrhea,
lactose intolerance, respiratory infections and GI infections d/t immune system not
operating normally
What is kwashiorkor (kwaa-shee-or-kor)? What are signs/symptoms?
· Deficiency in dietary protein, but consumes adequate amount of energy; occurring
most commonly in areas of famine
· Fatigue, irritability, lethargy, poor growth, apathy, listless, withdrawn, large potbelly,
loss of skin pigmentation, coarse reddish hair, diarrhea, dermatitis, and edema (d/t
lack of certain proteins in blood that help maintain normal fluid balance in body). These
children end up losing their appetite.
What is anorexia nervosa? Signs/symptoms?
Through Nutritional Science
What is a macronutrient (3) and what do they do?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins.
Consumed in largest quantities, provide energy needed for maintenance, growth,
thermoregulation, physical activity, pregnancy, and lactation.
Recommended % of each macronutrient
Carbs = 45-65%
Lipids = 20 - 35%
Proteins = 10 - 35%
What are the micronutrients (trace elements)?
vitamins and minerals
Deficiency of Vitamin A
Mild deficiency can cause diarrhea and URI; diarrhea then can cause malnutrition. More
severe deficiency can cause changes in the eyes and eventually blindness - night
blindness is usually the first detectable symptom. Deficiency during pregnancy or at
birth and cause skull to not develop normally and brain is crowded. Can also cause
growth impairment.
Deficiency of Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Beriberi, in which the heart and nervous systems are damaged and muscle wasting
occurs.
Deficiency of Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Pellagra, and characterized by the Four D's of Pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia,
and death.
Deficiency of Vitamin B12
Vegans who consume no animal products are at risk of deficiency resulting in anemia
Age 50+:nerve damage in the hands and feet, dementia, confusion and memory
problems. recommended intake is around 2.4 micrograms
EXTRA FACT ABOUT VITAMIN B DEFICIENCIES
Isolated deficiency of B vitamins is RARE, since many B vitamins work in
concert.
Therefore, a lack of one hinders the function of the rest.
Deficiency of Vitamin C
Scurvy. Early s/s are bleeding gums & pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin. More
severe, skin becomes rough, brown, and scaly, eventually resulting in impaired wound
healing, soft bones, painful joints, and loose teeth. Finally, hardening of the arteries or
massive bleeding results in death.
Deficiency of Vitamin D
Rickets is the childhood deficiency. Bone formation is impaired, which is reflected in a
bowlegged or knock-kneed appearance. In adults, a brittle bone condition
called osteomalacia. Deficiency is common among individuals who do not get enough
, sunlight and do not take supplements. Symptoms are often subtle and can include
tiredness and aches and pains.
Deficiency of Folic Acid
can cause a similar anemia. - low dietary intake during 1st trimester of is leading cause
of neural tube defects.
Deficiency of Riboflavin
Ariboflavinosis describes a collection of symptoms such as cracks and redness of the
eyes and lips; inflamed, sensitive eyelids; and a purple-red tongue.
Deficiency of Calcium
In young children results in stunted growth. Osteoporosis occurs when reserves are
drawn upon to supply the other body parts; this occurs later in adulthood leaving bones
weak and fragile. Caucasian & Asian women of small stature are at greatest risk.
Deficiency of Iron
Anemia is the most common form of malnutrition in developing societies. Lack of
consumption causes weakness, fatigue, and sensitivity to cold temperatures. Anemia in
children can cause reduced ability to learn and impaired ability to think & concentrate.
Deficiency of Iodine
Cells in the thyroid gland enlarge to try to trap as much of this as possible, this
enlargement of the thyroid gland is called simple or endemic goiter. More severe
deficiency result from a lack of that leads to a deficiency of the thyroid gland hormone
during pregnancy, the child then can be born with severe mental and/or physical
disabilities (congenital hypothyroidism)
Deficiency of Zinc
Severe growth retardation and arrested sexual maturation are characteristics of this
deficiency
Treatments for malnutrition
· Refeeding with a diet adequate in protein, calories, and other essential nutrients.
· Supplements or injections can help reverse deficiencies.
· Estrogen replacement therapy and weight bearing exercise retard calcium loss in later
years and do more than calcium supplements can.
What is marasmus? And what are signs/symptoms?
· General deficiency of macronutrients (from calories and proteins), literally means "to
waste away"
· Problematic for infants and children because of high demands for growth and brain
development
· s/s: underweight, brittle hair/loss of hair, lower immunity, dark skin and eyes, diarrhea,
lactose intolerance, respiratory infections and GI infections d/t immune system not
operating normally
What is kwashiorkor (kwaa-shee-or-kor)? What are signs/symptoms?
· Deficiency in dietary protein, but consumes adequate amount of energy; occurring
most commonly in areas of famine
· Fatigue, irritability, lethargy, poor growth, apathy, listless, withdrawn, large potbelly,
loss of skin pigmentation, coarse reddish hair, diarrhea, dermatitis, and edema (d/t
lack of certain proteins in blood that help maintain normal fluid balance in body). These
children end up losing their appetite.
What is anorexia nervosa? Signs/symptoms?
