NR 302 FINAL EXAM
Pupillary light reflex
Both pupils should constrict when you shine a light in the eye
Consensual constriction
The simultaneous response of one pupil to the stimuli applied to the other
PERRLA
Pupils Equal Round Reactive to Light Accommodation
Congenital cataracts
clouding of the lens that is present at birth
Red light reflex
Glowing red color that fills the pupil as light from the ophthalmoscope reflects off the
retina, no shadows or dots interrupting the red reflex; should be elicited from birth.
Pregnancies effect on eyes
- Eyes become dry
- Should not be fitted for glasses or contacts
Aging effects on eyes
- not as many tears
- more inclined for cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration
Presbyopia
Problems of the aging eye, especially loss of near vision related to a decreased ability
of the lens to accommodate to objects close to the eye.
Far to near vision
Glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss
of vision
3X higher in Blacks
Cataracts
Leading cause of curable blindness
Glaucoma
Not curable but treatable with eye drops
Diabetic retinopathy
disease of the retina in diabetics characterized by capillary leakage, bleeding, and new
vessel formation (neovascularization) leading to scarring and loss of vision
Diabetic retinopathy
Leading cause of non-curable blindness
Retinal detachment
floaters and flashes of light. curtain vision
Diplopia
Double vision
Excessive tearing
Caused by irritants or one of the tear ducts is blocked up
Prednisone or other steroids can cause what disease over long periods of time?
Glaucoma
Macular degeneration
, loss of central vision
not curable; could be genetic
Snellen eye chart
Tool for assessing far vision
Person stands 20 feet away and uses one eye at a time
How to properly write down the snellen eye chart
RIght 20/30 -1 (missed one, with glasses)
Corneal Light Reflex (Hirschberg Test)
reflection of the light on the corneas, should be in the exactly same spot on each eye
assymetry indicates deviation in alignment from eye muscle weakness or paralysis
Nystagmus
involuntary, jerking movements of the eyes ; quivers
Conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva (pink eye)
Myopia
nearsightedness; lack of foresight
Hyperopia
farsightedness; difficulty seeing close objects when light rays are focused on a point
behind the retina
Strabismus
crossed eyes or squint
Ptosis
drooping of the eyelid; usually caused by paralysis
Ex. Sylvester stalone
Blepharitis
inflammation of eyelid, causing redness, crusting, and swelling along lid margins
Chalazion
a nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction in a sebaceous
gland
Hordeolum
Stye; staph infection of the eye
Iritis
inflammation of the iris; deep dull red halo around the iris and cornea
warrants immediate referral
Allergic Conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by allergens in the air
Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
acute narrow angle glaucoma shows circumcorneal redness around the iris, with a
dilated pupil
Papilledema (choked disc)
Pupillary light reflex
Both pupils should constrict when you shine a light in the eye
Consensual constriction
The simultaneous response of one pupil to the stimuli applied to the other
PERRLA
Pupils Equal Round Reactive to Light Accommodation
Congenital cataracts
clouding of the lens that is present at birth
Red light reflex
Glowing red color that fills the pupil as light from the ophthalmoscope reflects off the
retina, no shadows or dots interrupting the red reflex; should be elicited from birth.
Pregnancies effect on eyes
- Eyes become dry
- Should not be fitted for glasses or contacts
Aging effects on eyes
- not as many tears
- more inclined for cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration
Presbyopia
Problems of the aging eye, especially loss of near vision related to a decreased ability
of the lens to accommodate to objects close to the eye.
Far to near vision
Glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss
of vision
3X higher in Blacks
Cataracts
Leading cause of curable blindness
Glaucoma
Not curable but treatable with eye drops
Diabetic retinopathy
disease of the retina in diabetics characterized by capillary leakage, bleeding, and new
vessel formation (neovascularization) leading to scarring and loss of vision
Diabetic retinopathy
Leading cause of non-curable blindness
Retinal detachment
floaters and flashes of light. curtain vision
Diplopia
Double vision
Excessive tearing
Caused by irritants or one of the tear ducts is blocked up
Prednisone or other steroids can cause what disease over long periods of time?
Glaucoma
Macular degeneration
, loss of central vision
not curable; could be genetic
Snellen eye chart
Tool for assessing far vision
Person stands 20 feet away and uses one eye at a time
How to properly write down the snellen eye chart
RIght 20/30 -1 (missed one, with glasses)
Corneal Light Reflex (Hirschberg Test)
reflection of the light on the corneas, should be in the exactly same spot on each eye
assymetry indicates deviation in alignment from eye muscle weakness or paralysis
Nystagmus
involuntary, jerking movements of the eyes ; quivers
Conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva (pink eye)
Myopia
nearsightedness; lack of foresight
Hyperopia
farsightedness; difficulty seeing close objects when light rays are focused on a point
behind the retina
Strabismus
crossed eyes or squint
Ptosis
drooping of the eyelid; usually caused by paralysis
Ex. Sylvester stalone
Blepharitis
inflammation of eyelid, causing redness, crusting, and swelling along lid margins
Chalazion
a nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction in a sebaceous
gland
Hordeolum
Stye; staph infection of the eye
Iritis
inflammation of the iris; deep dull red halo around the iris and cornea
warrants immediate referral
Allergic Conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by allergens in the air
Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
acute narrow angle glaucoma shows circumcorneal redness around the iris, with a
dilated pupil
Papilledema (choked disc)
